Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological conditions affecting women and men of all ages. This chapter explores population-level data collected in women with epilepsy (WWE). It begins with an overview of the epidemiology of epilepsy and differences between males and females, then examines common epilepsy comorbidities (depression and anxiety). Finally, this chapter looks at special issues females with epilepsy may encounter through the lifespan starting with childhood and adolescence, running through the reproductive years and into the menopausal transition. The data first introduced in this chapter will be expanded upon in subsequent subject-specific chapters (these are highlighted in each section below).

• ◦ This collusive episode had firms communicating through coded messages on one of the firms’ publicly accessible websites.

• ◦ Like many gasoline markets, prices were subject to price cycles; here, the cycles were on the order of one to two weeks. Communication was key for the market leader Circle K to signal to all firms when to raise price and initiate a new cycle. The way it did this was to provide a coded message on its website. Changing the “valid from” date for the recommended price to the current date signaled for all firms to raise their pump prices to the recommended price. While Circle K typically changed the recommended price, there are instances in which it was left unchanged and only the “valid from” date was updated. Within hours, all firms raised their pump prices to the recommended price on Circle K’s website.

• ◦ Circle K’s communication practice is neither express communication nor price signaling and is properly viewed as non-express communication for which there is a clearly identifiable announcement in the form of updating the “valid from” date to the current date.

The chapter examines conflicts between German expellee organizations and their critics about how the Heimat concept should be understood. It traces these conflicts through a study of annual expellee Heimat meetings – dynamic and often explosive events which involved personal reunion, cultural displays, political spectacles, children’s events, and medialized debates. Expellee leaders and their critics conflicted over whether Heimat should moderate or strengthen national sentiment. Loss of Heimat based on national ethnicity and redrawing of national borders underpinned more nationalist interpretations of Heimat in the expellee organizations. National politicization of expellee Heimat feeling, however, did not rely on personal intention to return to the East as some have argued. Nationally strident demands for a right to the Heimat in the East were also deeply bound up in recognition politics. Claims that expellee children had a right to Heimat in the East triggered further conflicts over the concept. Opponents of the expellee societies denounced their efforts to depict Heimat in the East as an ethnic inheritance and argued that personal experience of place was essential to the concept.

Chapter 1 introduces the argument, summarises the findings, and describes the conceptual framework applied throughout the book to analyse UN mediation as a gendered-colonial institution. It begins by noting the slow progress of the WPS Agenda in UN mediation, which the scholarly literature has not adequately addressed. It also stakes out the significance of WPS in UN mediation for the realisation of women's right to political participation, the advancement of gender equality in post-conflict contexts, and the diffusion of international approaches to gender-sensitive mediation from the UN to other organisations. The next section discusses how UN mediation can be analysed as an institution and identifies the key concepts and techniques used in parsing its gendered institutional logics. It also argues for using decolonial concepts of gender in studying the UN. Next, the chapter describes the interpretive research design and considers the ethical and practical implications of this approach. Last, the chapter concludes with an overview of each chapter.

The paper offers a cognitive linguistic analysis of metaphors informing the conceptualization of sentence structure. In line with cognitive linguistics, it is assumed that the construal of this highly abstract conceptual domain necessarily has a metaphorical basis. Accordingly, it is argued that key differences between alternative syntactic theories can be linked to the metaphorical choices they make. The paper begins with a critical comparison of constituency- and dependency-oriented syntax. The key virtue of the latter is seen in its ability to focus on relation types rather than unit types and unit boundaries. It is then argued that THE SENTENCE IS A BUILDING serves as the core metaphor underlying constituency analysis, whereas THE SENTENCE IS A FAMILY may play a similar role in dependency grammar. The final part of the paper discusses two instructive metaphors invented by Sámuel Brassai, both supporting a dependency grammatical understanding of sentences, namely THE SENTENCE IS A FEUDAL SOCIETY and THE SENTENCE IS A SOLAR SYSTEM. It is demonstrated that each of Brassai’s metaphors has its share of advantages and may be of great service to dependency grammar in language pedagogy.

In addition to discussing the testimony of “bit” players as well as “missing” witnesses – witnesses the state planned to call but didn’t – this chapter examines closely the testimony of two witnesses for the state, Kathryn Hrabluk and Elliott Hibbs, who were instrumental in showing that the superintendent’s finding of violation was prejudged and predetermined, revealing that the reasons offered by Horne and Huppenthal were pretextual. While there were not as many fireworks as the testimonies of Horne and Huppenthal, these were critically important in establishing the factual basis, which eventually led to the final ruling.

The overall prevalence of neuropsychiatric comorbidities in people with epilepsy is estimated at 30−50% and there has been a bidirectional etiological relationship proposed between epilepsy and a number of psychiatric disorders including depression, anxiety, psychosis, and suicidality, evidenced in part by the increased incidence of these disorders both before and after epilepsy onset. Women with epilepsy (WWE) are at higher risk than their male counterparts for developing neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression and anxiety, but also psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES). This risk varies throughout their life span, due in part to the influence of sex hormones. Additionally, special treatment considerations must be made when treating these conditions pharmacologically at various reproductive stages.

The main aim of this paper is to show that the notion of the ’self-serving bias’, well established in social psychological research, may have an impact on the way in which speakers verbalise certain experiences. I hypothesise that this perceptual bias will interact with other factors; specifically, gender stereotypes (as defined by psychologists and linguists) and modesty (as defined in linguistic pragmatics). I present corpus evidence for the relevance of the self-serving bias and the complex interplay with gender stereotypes and modesty, based on variation between three different causative constructions (CAUSE, X MAKE Y happen, and X BRING about Y) as well as the use of the adverbs cleverly and stupidly. In both cases, my analysis focuses on the cooccurrence with personal pronoun subjects — specifically, differences in terms of person (first vs third) and gender (masculine vs feminine). The most general conclusion I draw is that cognitive (socio-)linguists may be able to formulate interesting new research questions based on concepts drawn from (social) psychology but that constructs developed within linguistics remain highly relevant as well.

Some epilepsy syndromes are more common in females such as genetic generalized epilepsy (GGE) including juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME). JME is also more frequently transmitted to offspring by the women affected with epilepsy than by men. Other epilepsy syndromes limited to females are frequently associated to pathogenic variants in genes located on the X chromosome such as Rett syndrome, CDKL5 deficiency disorder, subcortical band heterotopia, PCDH19 epilepsy and Aicardi syndrome. In this chapter we described these conditions and summarize the most relevant diagnostic features and treatment considerations. Recognizing these syndromes helps the clinician in selecting appropriate treatment, explains some spontaneous miscarriages and is a tool in counseling patients and family members about the risk of transmission. Genetic diagnosis can be made through several tests, with whole exome sequencing having the higher cost-effectiveness when compared to epilepsy panel and microarray. Treatment can be difficult and there might be some role for the use of Cannabidiol, Fenfluramine and Ganaloxone in some of these diseases. Advances in molecular genetics will likely lead to a better understanding of these epilepsy in women, and hopefully result in tailored precision medicine treatments.