In the early neoclassical era, the smooth adjustment of agents’ marginal utilities dampened the response of market prices to supply disturbances. But when agents do not make smooth trade-offs, they will tend consume goods in specific combinations, as in the model of safety bias. A negative shock to supplies can then send prices soaring, a common feature of energy markets for example. Postwar general equilibrium theory permits agents to be safety-biased but has dismissed these volatility scenarios on the grounds that they occur only at vanishingly unlikely output levels. The no-volatility conclusion fails to hold however once the production of goods is taken into account: the seemingly unlikely output levels arise systematically. Production on the other hand spells out countervailing forces that curb the most extreme cases of price volatility. Volatility is closely related to the indeterminacy of equilibria and the chapter critiques the claims of general equilibrium theorists that these phenomena are unlikely.

We live in an era of globalization, in which most producers operate internationally on a global scale. We, as consumers, are affected by events taking place on distant shores – to say we live in an age of interconnectedness is a cliché, but it is still true. Just check out the labels on the clothes in your closet. Your shirts, sweaters, jackets, and jeans were probably not produced in the United States. More likely, they were made in China, Bangladesh, Vietnam, India, Sri Lanka, or Mexico. The same is true for your shoes.

Autism spectrum disorder and intellectual developmental disorder are often comorbidly diagnosed, but many adults meet criteria for just one of these disorders. Broad approaches include applied behavior analysis, cognitive-behavioral therapy, mindfulness based therapy, social skills interventions, and employment-related interventions. A sidebar discusses co-occurring mental health conditions.

The Green’s function method is among the most powerful and versatile formalisms in physics, and its nonequilibrium version has proved invaluable in many research fields. With entirely new chapters and updated example problems, the second edition of this popular text continues to provide an ideal introduction to nonequilibrium many-body quantum systems and ultrafast phenomena in modern science. Retaining the unique and self-contained style of the original, this new edition has been thoroughly revised to address interacting systems of fermions and bosons, simplified many-body approaches like the GKBA, the Bloch equations, and the Boltzmann equations, and the connection between Green’s functions and newly developed time-resolved spectroscopy techniques. Small gaps in the theory have been filled, and frequently overlooked subtleties have been systematically highlighted and clarified. With an abundance of illustrative examples, insightful discussions, and modern applications, this book remains the definitive guide for students and researchers alike.

As an increasing number of people are living longer and later into life than ever before, neurocognitive disorders, including dementia, are becoming a growing burden on patients, their families, and the overall health care system. Impairments associated with dementia affect the person’s independence to complete daily activities, their social functioning and relationships, and occupational tasks. This chapter provides a summary of basic clinical, epidemiological, and pathophysiological aspects of major neurodegenerative disorders.

The chapter explores the connection between the emergence of Nature as an independent entity and the rise of modern democracy. It argues that the separation of Nature from God and Culture shaped democratic practices. Nature became a political resource in democratic society, providing concepts like “necessity” and “constraint.” Modern scholarly discourses often invoke Nature as a limit and source of legitimation for political claims. It further examines how the imaginary of Nature as an autonomous entity influenced the rise of modern democracy. It argues that the separation of Nature from God and Culture created space for human agency and democratic practices. It also discusses how Nature became a source of authority, necessity, and constraint in modern political discourses. Lastly, the chapter compares Western cosmology with non-Western ones and analyzes the impact of cosmological shifts on politics.

You may not know it, but the tomato has always been the subject of controversy. Botanists debate whether the tomato is a vegetable or a fruit (it is actually a fruit). Linguists debate whether it is pronounced as to-may-toe or to-mah-toe (who cares!). Meanwhile, agricultural economists debate where the best place to produce this nutritious and delicious crop might be.

In a period of rising threats to constitutional government within countries and among them, it is a crucial time to study the rule of law in transnational context. This framework chapter defines core concepts, analyzes the relation between national and international law and institutions from a rule-of-law perspective, and assesses the extent to which rule-of-law practices are shifting at the domestic and international levels in parallel. Part I explains our conceptualization of the rule of law, necessary for the orientation of empirical study and policy responses. Following Martin Krygier, we formulate a teleological conception of the rule of law in terms of goals and practices, which, in turn, calls for an assessment of institutional mechanisms to advance these goals, given varying social conditions and contexts. Part II sets forth the ways in which international law and institutions are important for rule-of-law ends, as well as their pathologies, since power is also exercised beyond the state in an interconnected world. Part III examines empirical indicators of the decline of the rule of law at the national and international levels. It notes factors that could explain such decline, and why such factors appear to be transnationally linked. Part IV discusses what might be done given these shifts in rule-of-law protections. In conclusion, we note the implications of viewing the rule of law in transnational context for conceptual theory, empirical study, and policy response.

Shannon and Marshall read London alongside the city of Manchester, and the fictional town of Cranford in their chapter, which takes some of the decade’s industrial novels and examines them through the lens of sustainability. The chapter is mindful that it is in this period that industrialisation and globalisation begin to achieve the capacity that we are now seeking to control as we realise the environmental devastation of their proliferation; and that industrial success is based on a deeply unsustainable exploitation of human and natural resources. The authors argue that though Dickens and Gaskell did not have the language of sustainability that is available to us, nonetheless their work begins to recognise the costs of British trade domination. The picture is complicated by the novelists’ own dependence on the industrialisation of publishing, its increasingly necessary global reach, and the tight deadlines of the serialised novel, on which periodical publications depended.

This chapter examines the effect of external forces on courts. It surveys developments relating to codes of judicial ethics, including recent revelations concerning Supreme Court Justices. It examines judicial selection processes and the ways in which they have come to increasingly be driven by ideological considerations. Finally, it discusses recent work concerning changes in the nature of media coverage of the judiciary.

This chapter explores the Islamic teachings on pregnancy, breastfeeding, and child welfare, highlighting the religion’s emphasis on the well-being of mothers and children. It explores the Qur’anic verses and Prophetic Hadiths that underline the importance of social support, nutrition, and education in the lives of mothers and children. By aligning Islamic principles and global initiatives, such as the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, this chapter demonstrates the contributions of Islam to the universal pursuit of human development and well-being. This exploration aims to provide valuable insights into the role of Islam in promoting a supportive, nurturing, and educational environment for mothers and children, fostering a better understanding of the religion’s perspectives on these critical aspects.