We introduce the concept of a variety of topological groups and of a free topological group F(X, ) of on a topological space X as generalizations of the analogous concepts in the theory of varieties of groups. Necessary and sufficient conditions for F(X, ) to exist are given and uniqueness is proved. We say the topological group FM,(X) is moderately free on X if its topology is maximal and it is algebraically free with X as a free basis. We show that FM(X) is a free topological group of the variety it generates and that if FM(X) is in then it is topologically isomorphic to a quotient group of F(X, ). It is also shown how well known results on free (free abelian) topological groups can be deduced. In the algebraic theory there are various equivalents of a free group of a variety. We examine the relationships between the topological analogues of these. In the appendix a result similar to the Stone-Čech compactification is proved.

Dependence structures (in the finite case, matroids) arise when one tries to abstract the properties of linear dependence of vectors in a vector space. With the help of a theorem due to P. Hall and M. Hall, Jr concerning systems of distinct representatives of families of finite sets, it is proved that if B1 and B2 are bases of a dependence structure, then there is an injection σ: B1 → B2 such that (B2 / {σ(e)}) ∩ {e} is a basis for all e in B1. A corollary is the theorem of R. Rado that all bases have the same cardinal number. In particular, it applies to bases of a vector space. Also proved is the fact that if B1 and B2 are bases of a dependence structure then given e in B1 there is an f in B2 such that both (B1 / {e}) ∩ {f} and (B2 / {f}) ∩ {e} are bases. This is a symmetrical kind of replacement theorem.

For every infinite cardinal a we let Ca, be the set of all real-valued continuous functions on a product of a closed unit intervals with the supmetric. It is shown that Ca has separability degree a. Further, the classical theorem of Banach and Mazur is generalized by showing that every metric space of separability degree a is isometric to a subspace of ca

We associate with a graph (finite, undirected, without loops and multiple lines) a graph T(G), called the total graph of G. This new graph has the property that a one-to-one correspondence can be established between its points and the elements (points and lines) of G such that two points of T(G) are adjacent if and only if the corresponding elements of G are adjacent or incident. The object of this article is to prove the following theorem: If K(G1) = n, n ≥ 1, and λ(G2) = m, m ≥ 1, then K(T(G1)) ≥ n + 2 + [(n - 2)/3], λ(T(G1)) ≥ 2n, K(T(G2)) ≥ m + 1, and λ(T(G2)) ≥ 2m, where k(G) and λ(G) denote the connectivity and line-connectivity of the graph G.

A complex analytic family of mappings P → M(α, P) from an abstract Riemann surface (analytic manifold) into itself is studied. The mapping M(α, P) is assumed to satisfy in local coordinates the autonomous differential equation = L(w), and the condition M(O, P) = P. Under certain assumptions of regularity of the reciprocal differential L in a domain D ⊂ S, we prove that for every fixed α, ∣a∣ < α, the mapping M(α, P) is conformal and one to one in D. Moreover, it is shown that the family of mappings M(α, P) satisfies the iteration equation M[a, M(b, P)] = M(a + b, P) and hence is an analytic group (analytic iteration).

For brevity the semigroups in the title are called orthodox semigroups. The finest inverse semigroup congruence on an orthodox semigroup is shown to have a simple form and conversely, regular semigroups whose finest inverse congruence has this simple form are shown to be orthodox. Next ideal extensions of orthodox semigroups by orthodox semigroups are shown to be also orthodox, whence a finite semigroup is orthodox if and only if each principal factor is orthodox and completely O-simple or simple. Finally it is determined which completely O-simple semigroups are orthodox.

It is a curious fact that, while the functions which preserve closures are exactly the closed continuous functions, the interior-preserving functions form a much smaller class than the open continuous functions. In fact, the interior-preserving maps are essentially homeomorphisms, surjections between discrete spaces, and “sums” of these.

In this paper, the concept of a fitted semigroup of binary relations is introduced. The binary operation for these semigroups is ordinary composition of relations. A particular type of homomorphism is investigated which maps a certain kind of subsemigroup of one fitted semigroup into another. The main result states that these homomorphisms are injective and gives a representation for them. This and several related results are then applied to the semigroup of all binary relations on a topological space which have a certain prescribed type of topological property. Compactness is one of these properties and the semigroup SK[X] of all compact binary relations on a Hausdorff k–space X is given special attention. It is shown that X and Y are homeomorphic if and only if a number of statements are true which relate the semigroups SK[x] and SK[y].For example, in order that X and y be homeomorphic it is both necessary and sufficient that some nonzero ideal of SK[X] be isomorphic to some nonzero ideal of SK[y].

A result of Reilly and Scheiblich for inverse semigroups is proved true also for regular semigroups. For any regular semigroup S the relation θ is defined on the lattice, Λ(S), of congruences on S by: (ρ, τ) ∈ θ if ρ and τ induce the same partition of the idempotents of S. Then θ is a congruence on Λ(S), Λ(S)/θ is complete and the natural homomorphism of Λ(S) onto Λ(S)/θ is a complete lattice homomorphism.

Let (X, S) be a measurable space and S be a σ-algebra of subsets of X. A nonempty class M is said to be a class of null sets if M ⊂ S, M is closed under countable unions of sets and E ∩ F ∈ M whenever E ∈ M and F ∈ S. It is possible to show that such concepts as absolute continuity, singularity and independence of measures can be studied simply by classes of null sets and that similar results can be obtained under the condition that each disjoint subclass of S – M is countable, denoted (S – M)C. If (X, S,μ) is a measure space then M = {E ∈ S: μ(E) = O} is a class of null sets of S and S – M the class of all sets of positive measure. We say that a measure μ has the property σ if there exists a sequence of totally finite measures on S such that σ(E) = for all E ∈ S. This property of measures is weaker than total σ–finiteness of measures. The main result of the present paper is as follows: Let (X, S,μ) be a measure space and M = {E ∈ S: μ(E) = O}. Then (S – M)C if and only if μ has the property σ.

The group ring of a finite abelian group G over the field of rational numbers Q and over the rational integers Z is studied. A new proof of the fact that the group ring QG is a direct sum of cyclotomic fields is given – without use of the Maschke and Wedderburn theorems; it is shown that the projections of QG onto these fields are determined by the inequivalent characters of G. It is proved that the group of units of ZG is a direct product of a finite group and a free abelian group F and the rank of F is determined. A formula for the orthogonal idempotents of QG is found.

An inverse semigroup which is a union of groups is called Cliffordian. A semilattice E is called universally Cliffordian if every inverse semigroup having E as semilattice of idempotents is Cliffordian. It is shown that E is universally Cliffordian if and only if it is anti-uniform, that is, if and only if no two distinct principal ideals of E are isomorphic.

A semilattice E satisfying the minimum condition is anti-uniform if and only if it is a well-ordered chain. Examples are given of anti-uniform semilattices of more complicated types.

Let S be a Hausdorff topological semigroup and Cb,(S), Cc (S), the spaces of real valued continuous functions on S which are respectively bounded and have compact support. A regular measure m on S is r*-invarient if m(B) = for every Borel B ⊂ S and every x ∈ S, where tx: s → sx is the right translation by x. The following theorem is proved: Let S be locally compact metric with the tx's closed. Then the following statements are equivalent: (i) S admits a right invariant integral on Cc (S). (ii) S admits an r*–invariant measure, (iii) S has a unique minimal left ideal. The above equivalence is considered also for normal semigroups and analogous results are obtained for finitely additive r*–invariant measures. Also in the case when S is a complete separable metric semigroup with the tx's closed, the following statements are equivalent: (i) S admits a right invariant integral I on Cb(S) such that I(1) = 1 and satisfying Daniel's condition. (ii) S admits an r*–invariant probability measure. (iii) S has a right ideal which is a compact group and which is contained in a unique minimal left ideal. Finally, in order that a locally compact S admit a right invariant measure, it suffices that S contain a right ideal F which is a left group such that (B ∩ F)x = BX ∩ Fx for all Borel B ⊂ S.

In this note we give an example of an orthocomplemented modular lattice whose completion by cuts is not orthomodular. This solves negatively Problem 36, p. 131, in G. Birkhoff: Lattice theory (3rd edition).

A basic problem in the theory of Lie algebra extensions concerns a given homomorphism X of a Lie algebra L into the Lie algebra of outer derivations of a Lie algebra B. In analogy with the theory of group extensions, Mori and HochschiId developed the concept of an obstruction to X being the homomorphism defined by some Lie algebra extension of B by L. This note considers an alternative approach to this theory, which is particularly simple when applied to the problem of realizing arbitrary three-cohomology classes of L as obstructions. The approach is analogous to one for groups, which was given recently by Gruenberg.