We show that continuous bilinear forms on spaces of continuous functions can be approximated by norm attaining bilinear forms.

We study the spectral decomposition with respect to the Jacobi operator, J, of spherical immersions and characterize those with a simple decomposition in terms of the Finite Chen-type submanifolds. As a consequence, we give an application to the inverse problem for J.

Inthis note, we present a thorough investigation of convolution operators that are naturally associated to vector measures. We characterize those convolution operators that are weakly compact and compact on Ll(G) and C(G) as well as those that are p summing, (1 ≤ p ≤ ∞) and nuclear on C(G).

We characterize some isometric immersions of a compact Riemannian manifold into a tube of Sn(λ) or CPn(λ) (in fact, in some more general spaces in the real case) around a totally geodesic Sq(λ) or CPq(λ) respectively, with the norm of the mean curvature of the immersion bounded from above. This bound depends on the radius of the tube, and is related with the mean curvature of its boundary.

We discuss the relationship between the n-reflexivity of a linear sub-space S in B(H), property (A1/n), Class Co and strictly n-separating vectors. We also show that every algebraic operator with property (A2) is hyperreflexive.

It is proved that if every cyclic right R-module is torsionless and R is a left CS-ring then R is semiperfect left continuous with soc(RR)essential in RR. As a consequence every right cogenerator, left CS-ring R is shown to be right pseudo-Frobenius and left continuous, and an example is given to show that R need not be left selfinjective. It is also proved that if R is a left CS-ring and every cyclic right R-module embeds in a free module, then R is quasi-Frobenius if and only if J(R) ⊆ Z(RR).

Let M(c) denote a 4n-dimensional quaternion space form of quaternion sectional curvature c, and let P(H) denote the 4n-dimensional quaternion projective space of constant quaternion sectional curvature 4. Let N be an n-dimensional Riemannian manifold isometrically immersed in M(c). We call N a totally real submanifold of M(c) if each tangent 2-plane of N is mapped into a totally real plane in M (c). B. Y. Chen and C. S. Houh proved in [1].

Let P be a prime ideal of a ring R, O(P) = {a ∊ R | aRs = 0, for some s ∊ R/P} | and Ō(P) = {x ∊ R | xn ∊ O(P), for some positive integer n}. Several authors have obtained sheaf representations of rings whose stalks are of the form R/O(P). Also in a commutative ring a minimal prime ideal has been characterized as a prime ideal P such that P= Ō(P). In this paper we derive various conditions which ensure that a prime ideal P = Ō(P). The property that P = Ō(P) is then used to obtain conditions which determine when R/O(P) has a unique minimal prime ideal. Various generalizations of O(P) and Ō(P) are considered. Examples are provided to illustrate and delimit our results.

Let G be a group and C = [G, G] be its commutator subgroup. Denote by c(G) the minimal number such that every element of G′ can be expressed as a product of at most c(G) commutators. The exact values of c{G) are computed when G is a free nilpotent group or a free abelian-by-nilpotent group. If G is a free nilpotent group of rank n>2 and class c>2, c(G) = [n/2] if c = 2 and c(G) = n if c>2. If G is a free abelian-by-nilpotent group of rank n > 2 then c(G) = n.

In the following let Ω be the set of irrational numbers in the interval [0,1] and let λ be Lebesgue measure restricted to Ω. For any real number x, let {x} = x - [x] be the fractional part of x. Let N be anatural number and let α e Ω. Then

is known as the discrepancy of the sequence (nα)n>1 modulo 1; here c[x, y) denotes the characteristic function of the interval [x, y).

Let B(H) denote the algebra of operators (i.e., bounded linear transformations) on the Hilbert space H. A ∈ B (H) is said to be p-hyponormal (0<p<l), if (AA*)γ < (A*A)p. (Of course, a l-hyponormal operator is hyponormal.) The p-hyponormal property is monotonic decreasing in p and a p-hyponormal operator is q-hyponormal operator for all 0<q <p. Let A have the polar decomposition A = U |A|, where U is a partial isometry and |A| denotes the (unique) positive square root of A*A.If A has equal defect and nullity, then the partial isometry U may be taken to be unitary. Let ℋU(p) denote the class of p -hyponormal operators for which U in A = U |A| is unitary. ℋU(l/2) operators were introduced by Xia and ℋU(p) operators for a general 0<p<1 were first considered by Aluthge (see [1,14]); ℋU(p) operators have since been considered by a number of authors (see [3, 4, 5, 9, 10] and the references cited in these papers). Generally speaking, ℋU(p) operators have spectral properties similar to those of hyponormal operators. Indeed, let A ε ℋU(p), (0<p <l/2), have the polar decomposition A = U|A|, and define the ℋW(p + 1/2) operator  by A = |A|1/2U |A|l/2 Let  = V |Â| Â= |Â|1/2VÂ|ÂAcirc;|1/2. Then we have the following result.

For X a complex Banach space and U an open subset of the complex plane С, let O (U, X) denote the space of analytic X- valued functions defined on U. This is a Frechet space when endowed with the topology of uniform convergence on compact subsets, and the space X may be viewed as simply the constants in O(U, X). Every bounded operator T on X induces a continuous mapping TU on O(U, X) given by (Tuf)(λ) = (λ – T)f(λ) for every f e O(U, X) and λ e U. Corresponding to each closed F ⊂ С there is also an associated analytic subspace XT(F) = X ∩ ran(7c//F). For an arbitrary T e L(X), the spaces XT(F) are T-invariant, generally non-closed linear manifolds in X.

In this paper we show that the Weyl spectrum of an operator of class W satisfies the spectral mapping theorem for analytic functions and give the equivalent conditions for an operator of the form normal + compact to be polynomially compact.

A group G is the product of its subgroups A and B if G equals the set AB = (ab | a ∊ A, b ∊ B). A subgroup H of G is called prefactorized if it is the product of a subgroup of A and a subgroup of B; thus H is prefactorized if and only if H = (H ∩ A)(H ∩ B). A prefactorized subgroup H of G is factorized if it contains A ∩ B. if H is any subgroup of G = AB, then the intersection X ofall factorized subgroups of G containing H is itself factorized; see for example [2, Lemma 1.1.2]. This subgroup, which is evidently the smallest factorized subgroup of G which contains H, is called the factorizer of H in G = AB.

All groups G considered in this paper are finite and all representations of G are defined over the field of complex numbers. The reader unfamiliar with projective representations is referred to [9] for basic definitions and elementary results. Let Proj (G, α) denote the set of irreducible projective characters of a group G with cocyle α. In previous papers (for exampe [2], [4], and [6]) numerous authors have considered the situation when Proj(G, α) = 1 or 2; such groups are said to be of α-central type or of 2α-central type, respectively. In particular in [4, Theorem A] the author showed that if Proj(G, α) = {ξ1, ξ2}, then ξ1(1)=ξ2(1). This result has recently been independently confirmed in [8, Corollary C].

Soient B un espace de Banach et ℒ(B) l'algèbre des opérateurs bornés sur B. On dit qu'un sous-espace fermé E de B est invariant pour l'opérateur T ∈ ℒ(B) lorsque TE ⊂ E et qu'il est non trivial si {0} EB. Le sous-espace E est dit hyper-invariant pour T s'il est invariant pour tout opérateur qui commute avec T.

Let A be a C*-algebra. For each Banach A-bimodule X, the second continuous Hochschild cohomology group H2(A, X) of A with coefficients in X is defined (see [6]); there is a natural correspondence between the elements of this group and equivalence classes of singular, admissible extensions of A by X. Specifically this means that H2(A, X) ≠ {0} for some X if and only if there exists a Banach algebra B with Jacobson radical R such that R2 = {0}, R is complemented as a Banach space, and B/R ≅ A, but B has no strong Wedderburn decomposition; i.e., there is no closed subalgebra C of B such that B ≅ C © R. In turn this is equivalent to db A ≥ 2, where db A is the homological bidimension of A; i.e., the homological dimension of A#, the unitization of A, as an,A-bimodule [6, III. 5.15]. This paper is concerned with the following basic question, which was posed in [7].

We were concerned in [12] with groups G that are isomorphic to all of their non-abelian subgroups. In order to exclude groups with all proper subgroups abelian, which are well understood in the finite case [7] and which include Tarski groups in the infinite case, we restricted attention to the class X of groups G that are isomorphic to their nonabelian subgroups and that contain proper subgroups of this type; such groups are easily seen to be 2-generator, and a complete classification was given in [12, Theorem 2] for the case G soluble. In the insoluble case, G/Z(G) is infinite simple [12; Theorem 1], though not much else was said in [12] about such groups. Here we examine a property which represents a natural generalisation of that discussed above. Let us say that a group G belongs to the class W if G is isomorphic to each of its non-nilpotent subgroups and not every proper subgroup of G is nilpotent. Firstly, note that finite groups in which all proper subgroups are nilpotent are (again) well understood [9]. In addition, much is known about infinite groups with all proper subgroups nilpotent (see, in particular, [8] and [13] for further discussion) although, even in the locally nilpotent case, there are still some gaps in our understanding of such groups. We content ourselvesin the present paper with discussing finitely generated W-groups— note that a W-group is certainly finitely generated or locally nilpotent. We shall have a little more to say about the locally nilpotent case below.

The purpose of this note is to answer in the affirmative a long standing open question raised by Singal and Singal — whether every almost continuous function is closure continuous (θ-continuous).