We show that x = 59 is the largest positive integer for which the fourth-powerfree part of x2 + 2 is at most 100. This implies the solution of the problem, posed recently by J. H. E. Cohn, to prove that (x, y) = (1, 1) is the only solution in nonnegative integers to the diophantine equation x2 – 3y4 = –2, as well as a new solution to the problem, posed a long time ago by the same J. H. E. Cohn and solved before by R. Bumby and N. Tzanakis, to prove that (x, y) = (1, 1), (11, 3) are the only solutions in nonnegative integers to the diophantine equation 2x2 – 3y4 = – 1.

The notion of projective Banach module was defined by Helemskii in [1]—the paper which properly founded the homological theory of Banach algebras. The same author introduced the definition of the (relatively) flat Banach module in [2]. Recently M. C. White [3] modified both of those definitions, introducing so called C-projective and C-flat Banach modules.

Throughout the paper K denotes a fixed algebraically closed field. All algebras considered are finite-dimensional associative K-algebras with a unit element. Moreover, they are assumed to be basic and connected. For an algebra A we denote by mod(A) the category of all finitely generated right A-modules, and mod(A) denotes the stable category of mod(A), i.e. mod(A)/℘ where ℘ is the two-sided ideal in mod(A) of all morphisms that factorize through projective A-modules. Two algebras A and B are said to be stably equivalent if the stable categories mod(A) and mod(B) are equivalent. The study of stable equivalences of algebras has its sources in modular representation theory of finite groups. It is of importance in this theory whether two stably equivalent algebras have the same number of pairwise non-isomorphic nonprojective simple modules. Another motivation for studying stable equivalences appears in the following context. If E is a K-algebra of finite global dimension then its derived category Db(E) is equivalent to the stable category mod(Ê) of the repetitive category Ê of E [15]. Thus the problem of a classification of derived equivalent algebras leads in many cases to a classification of stably equivalent selfinjective algebras.

The concept of cleft extensions, or equivalently of crossed products, for a Hopf algebra is a generalization of Galois extensions with normal basis and of crossed products for a group. The study of these subjects was founded independently by Blattner-Cohen-Montgomery [1] and by Doi-Takeuchi [4]. In this paper, we determine the isomorphic classes of cleft extensions for a infinite dimensional non-commutative, non-cocommutative Hopf algebra kq[X, X–l, Y], which is generated by a group-like element X and a (1,X)-primitive element Y. We also consider the quotient algebras of the cleft extensions.

We define algebraically for each map germ f:Kn,0→Kp, 0 and for each Boardman symbol i=(i1,…,ik) a number ci(f) which is -invariant. If f is finitely determined, this number is the generalization of the Milnor number of f when p = 1, the number of cusps of f when n = p = 2, or the number of cross caps when n = 2, p = 3. We study some properties of this number and prove that, in some particular cases, this number can be interpreted geometrically as the number of Σi points that appear in a generic deformation of f. In the last part, we compute this number in the case that the map germ is a projection and give some applications to catastrophe map germs.

Fixed point and random fixed point theorems are presented for weakly inward maps. Also a continuation theorem for weakly inward maps is presented.

We study the Dehn functions of the fundamental groups of complexes of groups. We study a function known as the Howie function, which has a natural geometric formulation. We make use of the Howie function to obtain an upper bound for the Dehn function of the complex of groups. And we show a connection between the Howie function and actions on complexes.

Let h be the second fundamental form of a compact submanifold M of the Cayley projective plane CaP2. We determine all compact totally complex submanifolds of complex dimension n in CaP2 satisfying |h|2 ≤ n.

In [10] we associate to a crossed module (T, G, მ) an invariant abelian crossed module H2(T, G, მ). The construction uses presentations by Set-free crossed modules. Now, Set-free crossed modules are special cases of totally free crossed modules, which are algebraic models of 2-dimensional CW complexes used by several authors (see [1] and [6]). The aim of this paper is to show that H2(T, G, მ) can also be constructed from presentations by arbitrary totally free crossed modules.

It is well known (Lee [13]) that the class of all distributive p-algebras B = Bω is a variety and that the class of all subvarieties of B forms a chain

where B-i is the trivial class, B0 is the class of Boolean algebras, and B1 is the class of Stone algebras.

If we investigate symmetry of an infra-nilmanifold M, the outer automorphism group of its fundamental group (an almost-Bieberbach group) is known to be a crucial object. In this paper, we characterise algebraically almost-Bieberbach groups E with finite outer automorphism group Out(E). Inspired by the description of Anosov diffeomorphisms on M, we also present an interesting class of infinite order outer automorphisms. Another possible type of infinite order outer automorphisms arises when comparing Out(E) with the outer automorphism group of the underlying crystallographic group of E.

Let R be a ring, see below for other notation. The functor categories (mod-R, Ab) and ((R-mod)op, Ab) have received considerable attention since the 1960s. The first of these has achieved prominence in the model theory of modules and most particularly in the investigation of the representation theory of Artinian algebras. Both [11, Chapter 12] and [8] contain accounts of the use (mod-R, Ab) may be put to in the model theoretic setting, and Auslander's review, [1], details the application of (mod-R, Ab) to the study of Artinian algebras. The category ((R-mod)op, Ab) has been less fully exploited. Much work, however, has been devoted to the study of the transpose functor between R-mod and mod-R. Warfield's paper, [13], describes this for semiperfect rings, and this duality is an essential component in the construction of almost split sequences over Artinian algebras, see [4]. In comparison, the general case has been neglected. This paper seeks to remedy this situation, giving a concrete description of the resulting equivalence between (mod-R, Ab) and ((R-mod)op, Ab) for an arbitrary ring R.

Let G be a group. A precrossed G-module is a group homomorphism ∂: M → G together with a group action (g, m) ↦gm of G on M, such that ∂(gm) = g(∂m)g−1. The Peiffer commutator < m, m′ > of two elements m, m′ ∊ M is denned as

< m, m′ >= mm′ m−1(∂mm′)−1

If all Peiffer commutators are trivial, the precrossed G-module is said to be a crossed G-module. The subgroup < M, M > generated by all Peiffer commutators is called the Peiffer subgroup of M; it is the second term of a lower Peiffer central series (see below). The following table indicates how these concepts reduce to more standard concepts when restrictions are placed on ∂ and G.

We study a class of rings which are closely related to principal ideal domains, and prove in particular that finitely-generated projective modules over such rings are free. Examples include the ring of Lipschitz quaternions; Z[a½] with d = —3 or d = —7; and any subring R of M2(Z) such that R ⊇ M2(pZ) for some prime number/? and R/M2(pZ) is a field with p2 elements.

Let K be a quadratic number field with 2-class group of type (2,2). Thus if Sk is the Sylow 2-subgroup of the ideal class group of K, then Sk = ℤ/2ℤ × ℤ/2ℤ Let

K ⊂ K1 ⊂ K2 ⊂ K3 ⊂…

the 2-class field tower of K. Thus K1 is the maximal abelian unramified extension of K of degree a power of 2; K2 is the maximal abelian unramified extension of K of degree a power of 2; etc. By class field theory the Galois group Ga1 (K1/K) ≅ Sk ≅ ℤ/2ℤ × ℤ/2ℤ, and in this case it is known that Ga(K2/Kl) is a cyclic group (cf. [3] and [10]). Then by class field theory the class number of K2 is odd, and hence K2 = K3 = K4 = …. We say that the 2-class field tower of K terminates at K1 if the class number of K1 is odd (and hence K1 = K2 = K3 = … ); otherwise we say that the 2-class field tower of K terminates at K2. Our goal in this paper is to determine how likely it is for the 2-class field tower of K to terminate at K1 and how likely it is for the 2-class field tower of K to terminate at K2. We shall consider separately the imaginary quadratic fields and the real quadratic fields.

Let K be a totally real number field of degree nover ℚ and let c be an integral ideal of a maximal order of K. Given a nonnegative integer j and a Hecke character on the group of ideles of K, let denote the space of Hilbert cusp forms of holomorphic type on ℋn of weight j, level c and character ψ where ℋn is the n-th power of the Poincaré upper half plane ℋ.Let g be an element of , where 1 is the trivial character. If u ∈ Sk(c, ψ), then the product gu is an element of Sk+l (c, ψ), and therefore we can consider the linear map sending u to gu. Let be the adjoint of the linear map Φg with respect to the Petersson inner product.

Let A be an operator on a Hillbert space with polar decomposition A = |A|, let  = |A|½U|A|½ and let  = V|Â| be the polar decomposition of Â. Write à for the operatorà = |Â|½V|Â|½. If = (A1,…,AN) is a doubly commuting n-tuple of p-hyponormal operators on a Hillbert space with equal defect and nullity, then = (Ã1,…,Ãn) is a doubly commuting n-tuple of hyponormal operators. In this paper we show that

where σ* denotes σTe (Taylor essential spectrum), σTw (Taylor-Weyl spectrum) and σTb (Taylor-Browder spectrum), respectively.

All groups considered in the sequel are finite. Let (ℭ and denote the formations of groups which consist of collections of groups that respectively either split over each normal subgroup (nC-groups) or for which the groups do not possess nontrivial Frattini chief factors [8]. The purpose of this article is to develop and expand a concept that arises naturally with the residuals for these formations, namely each G-chief factor is non-complemented (Frattini). With respect to a solid set X of maximal subgroups, these properties are generalized respectively to so-called X-parafrattini (X-profrattini) normal subgroups for which each type is closed relative to products. The relationships among the unique maximal normal subgroups that result from these products, the solid set of maximal subgroups X, X-prefrattini subgroups, and the residuals of formations are explored. This leads to a well-defined collected of formations, the partially nonsaturated formations, with properties analogous to those which are totally non-saturated. In the development, attention is given to a set of maximal subgroups which is the image of a solid function defined on all groups, a weaker condition than that of a solid set. A result of particular interest answers affirmatively the long-standing conjecture that a non-trivial nC-group G is solvable if and only if each G-chief factor is complemented by a maximal subgroup. This will force a critical re-examination of the classification problem for nC-groups. Since the article continues the investigations on finite groups initiated in [2], a familiarity with that article is assumed. All other notation and terminology is from [6]. If M is a maximal subgroup of a group G and G/C or e G(M) is a monolithic primitive group, i.e. a group with a unique minimal normal subgroup, then M is called a monolithic maximal subgroupof G.

We prove the pointwise inequality 0 ≥ ρ + ρ⊥ – 1 involving the normalized scalar curvature ρ and normal scalar curvature ρ⊥ of a totally real 3-dimensional submanifold of the nearly Kaehler 6-sphere. Further we classify submanifolds realizing the equality in this inequality.

For a lifted nontrivial additive character λ' and a multiplicative character λ of the finite field with q2 elements, the “Gauss” sums Σ λ'(trg) over g ∈SU(2n, q2) and Σ λ (detg)λ'(trg) over g ∈ U(2n, q2) are considered. We show that the first sum is a polynomial in q with coefficients involving averages of “bihyperkloosterman sums” and that the second one is a polynomial in q with coefficients involving powers of the usual twisted Kloosterman sums. As a consequence, we can determine certain “generalized Kloosterman sums over nonsingular Hermitian matrices”, which were previously determined by J. H. Hodges only in the case that one of the two arguments is zero.