OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are most often diagnosed in adolescence and young adulthood, affecting 10 in 100,000 pediatric patients in the US and Canada. Adolescents with IBD are vulnerable to poorer outcomes and higher health costs, partially attributable to disruptions in the continuity of care in the transition from pediatric to adult care settings. There is currently no consensus among providers about the timing of initiation and completion of the transition process for adolescents and young adults with IBD, and access to structured pediatric transition readiness programs are lacking, with a paucity of research to evaluate relevant clinical outcomes in such existing programs. While prior studies have primarily examined barriers and facilitators of successful transitions from the provider perspective, only few studies have systematically examined such factors from the patient and caregiver perspective. We wish to better understand the experience of living with IBD for adolescents and young adults, as well as their parents, to understand barriers and facilitators of successful transitions in care. Ultimately, we wish to articulate best practices in this domain in order to create and evaluate a transitions program for patients and parents at the Mount Sinai IBD Center. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We are recruiting 15-25 patient-parent dyads to complete our study. At recruitment, we collect baseline quantitative metrics from patients pertaining to demographics, disease characteristics, transition-readiness, self-efficacy, resilience, disease-specific health knowledge, and health literacy. From parents, we collect demographic information, concordance metrics (e.g. how parents perceive their children’s resilience, self-efficacy), parenting style questionnaires, and others. These data are used to understand the characteristics of the young adults and parents within our sample to ensure that the results of our study will be generalizable to a diverse range of patients and families. We then train our patient-parent dyads in Photovoice, the primary method of our study. Photovoice is a community based participatory research (CBPR) methodology used in health education and other fields. The method employs photography for participants to capture their experiences living with IBD, or being a parent to a child with IBD. We then interview all participants about the photos using a standard script employed in Photovoice. All surveys are transcribed and coded for thematic analysis. Based on our findings, we hope to determine phenotypes of patient-parent dyads who are likely undergo successful transitions as well as those at higher risk, understand competencies necessary for successful transitions, and create a comprehensive transitions program for the IBD Center that can be applied with all patients undergoing transitions from pediatric to adult GI care. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We currently have 26 patients and 25 parents (1 pair of siblings) aged 14-25 enrolled in the study. We hypothesize that adolescents with higher baseline resilience, efficacy, disease-specific health knowledge, and less active disease will have more successful transitions than adolescents with lower scores on these metrics. Similarly, we predict that adolescents with lower baseline resilience, self-efficacy, disease-specific health knowledge and more active disease will be ideal candidates for a more robust transition-readiness program. Further, we hypothesize that children of more authoritarian parents will be less prepared for transition than those with assertive parents. We are currently in the process of conducting patient/parent interviews, and have collected 6 interviews thus far. We will begin the qualitative coding process once we have four interviews from each cohort. Themes emerging thus far involve: medication management, psychiatric co-morbidity, social support, direct communication with doctors, the role of surgery, school absences, travel, and others. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Transition-readiness is defined as a series of skills in the realms of knowledge, information gathering, self-management, and decision-making that must be mastered by a patient in preparation for a healthcare transition, such as that from pediatric to adult IBD care. It has been shown that many clinicians who rely on subjective measures such as perceived health literacy overestimate transition readiness in their IBD patients. Many pediatric gastroenterologists who use more objective measures rely on a validated self-report questionnaire, the Transition Readiness Assessment Questionnaire (TRAQ) to assess readiness for transition and to facilitate discussions around the skills necessary to transition, including appointment keeping, tracking health issues, managing medications, talking with providers, and managing daily activities. However, the TRAQ has been shown to be limited in its ability to predict transition readiness independently of age, and ignores both provider and family perspectives. Given the critical role of parents in medical decision making, and the differential emphasis of the caregiver role in pediatric versus adult IBD care paradigms, it is vitally important to identify barriers to transition as well as differences in perspectives between adolescents living with IBD and their parents. Our study is the first to employ Photovoice, a method that ‘gives a voice to the voiceless’ in the gastroenterology space, in order to understand the needs that adolescents and young adults themselves perceive as critical in promoting transition-readiness. We include parents in this inquiry in order to understand how parental perceptions of their children’s transition-readiness promote or stifle successful transitions and independent disease self-management. We will ultimately use this data to create a Transitions program to evaluate in our center for adolescents with IBD and their parents.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA) restores devastating soft tissue injuries. However, graft viability may be compromised during ischemia time, thus preservation techniques continue to evolve. Here we summarize our preliminary findings from preservation techniques utilizing hyperosmolar extracellular solution (HES) and electric stimulation in a 6 hour ex-vivo perfusion model. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: A published, MGH rodent hindlimb ex-vivo perfusion model was utilized for this project. Three baseline control elements were taken to compare our results including: a baseline muscle biopsy, harvested hindlimb preserved on ice(4°C) in static cold storage (SCS), and 6 hour perfusion (SNMP) were used to compare results of our four aims. The four aims are shown in Table 1. HES was composed of muscle media and the addition of mannitol until 3 concentrations were made: 300, 500, and 800 mOsm concentrations. In aim 4, the perfusate composition was changed to test a hyper-oncotic purfusate. After 6 hours a muscle biopsy was taken to analyze energy cofactors via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, referred to as energy charge. Weight gain (edema), lactate levels, oxygen consumption and energy charge (EC) were used as markers for muscle tissue viability. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: In Aim 1, the higher osmolarity of HES indirectly reduced weight gain but consequentially reduced the EC below 5% when compared to SCS control group. We next incorporate HES into the perfusion model, Aim 2, and noticed a diminution in weight gain. The 500 mOsm group had substantial improvement in EC, lactate production and improved oxygen exchange when compared to a controls: fresh muscle biopsy and SNMP. In Aim 3, after a 6 hour perfusion with the addition of electric stimulation, graft edema improved by 10%, EC improved by 23% and O2 dissociation was highest of all 4 aims. Consequentially, due to muscular contraction the lactate levels were highest. In Aim 4, using a hyper-oncotic perfusate, edema reduced the most during the 6 hour perfusion but revealed lower EC and similar lactate/O2 results. However when left on for 24 hours, edema was significantly higher with lactate build up, EC improved with time as well as O2 dissociation. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Here we have shown our preliminary results comparing our known ex-vivo perfusion model to multiple hypothesis to improve VCA graft viability. These preservation techniques demonstrate promising results but further studies are ongoing to confirm this encouraging outcome.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Multivariate regression is used for surgical outcomes analyses; but does not allow for evaluation of all variables. Machine learning could be the perfect alternative to address this issue. Our aim was to evaluate whether machine learning is a feasible alternative to evaluate surgical outcomes. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: H-CUP National Inpatient Sample database was queried for adult patients with colorectal cancer who underwent colorectal resection, while the NSQIP database was queried for adult patients with rectal cancer who underwent proctectomy. A multivariate regression analysis was performed to assess risk factors associated with 30-day complications following those procedures. Subsequently, machine learning techniques of under-sampling and oversampling were applied to the same datasets for the evaluation of risk factors for the same outcome. These techniques were used to achieve a larger population sample size and to detect statistical significance. Results between the two methodologies were compared. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Multivariate regression revealed that open approach, gender, race, geographic location, number of comorbidities, and type of insurance was associated with increased 30-day mortality in colorectal resection patients. Conversely, the use of machine learning revealed that preoperative weight loss, preexistent chest heart failure, renal failure or perivascular disease were strongly associated with 30-day mortality. For proctectomy patients, multivariate regression found no association between surgical approach and 30-day mortality. However, machine learning revealed gender, hypertension, and reoperation to be strongly associated with 30-day mortality. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Machine learning enabled multiple combinations that were not possible to examine in a conventional multivariate regression analysis. Machine learning compared to traditional multivariate regression produced significantly different outcomes, highlighting the need for in depth of these methodologies.

A number of publications have discussed approaches to training the scientific workforce in comparative effectiveness research (CER) and patient-centered outcomes research (PCOR). To meet this need, funders have offered resources for developing educational materials and establishing training programs. To extend these efforts into specific researcher communities, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality developed an R25 Funding Opportunity Announcement that called for basic, advanced, and experiential training for a specific researcher community in collaboration with associated program partners. This paper describes the strategies developed by the 5 subsequently funded programs, their specific researcher communities and program partners, and the challenges associated with developing in-person and online programs. We focus on lessons learned that can be translated into developing training programs nationwide and on training for the special populations of interest. We also discuss the creation of a sustainable network for training and the conduct of comparative effectiveness research/patient-centered outcomes research in targeted communities.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Primary Objective: To evaluate the safety of venetoclax plus tazemetostat in patients with relapsed and refractory (R/R) Follicular lymphoma (FL) or Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) Secondary Objectives: 1. To evaluate the tolerability of the combination of T+V using patient reported outcomes (PROs) 2. To evaluate the efficacy of T+V METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Study design: A phase I trial in two parts: Part 1: a single-arm, open-label sequential dose escalation (3+3) of venetoclax in combination with tazemetostat, given at its recommended phase II dose (RP2D) of 800mg BID, to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of venetoclax. Part 2: two expansion cohorts (R/R DLBCL and R/R FL) to further characterize the safety and tolerability of the combination, and to estimate the preliminary efficacy. We will perform additional exploratory studies to determine if there are biologic features that correlate with responses. Eligibility: up to 38 patients aged >/=18 years old with histologically confirmed diagnosis of FL or DLBCL who have received at least 2 prior lines of therapy for lymphoma with evidence of disease progression and meet inclusion criteria RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Primary Endpoints: 1. Incidence and severity of adverse events as per CTCAEv5 2. Dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) of T+V, and to establish the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of V plus fixed dose T Secondary Endpoints: 1. Incidence and Severity of toxicity and quality of life as per PRO-CTCAE and FACT-Lym 2. Overall response rate (ORR), complete response (CR) rate, partial response (PR) rate, as per Lugano criteria 3. Duration of response (DOR), progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS)Exploratory Endpoints: 1. Characterization of tumor cells pre-treatment (including EZH2 mutations and BCL2 translocations) 2. Phenotypic analysis (including BCL2 expression) and quantification of the tumor microenvironment in pre-treatment samples (using image mass cytometry)Explorato DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: There is a need for novel therapeutic approaches to improve the prognosis for patients with R/R NHL. Preclinical data suggests synergism between the pair.5 Importantly, this represents a chemotherapy-free, oral regimen. If well tolerated, this could present an alternative therapeutic option for patients ineligible for more intensive therapies.

ABSTRACT IMPACT: This work examines the association between diabetes mellitus and latent tuberculosis infection among a cohort of household contacts exposed to active tuberculosis in Ethiopia, focusing attention on the need for further translational research to determine the mechanisms of susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection among individuals with diabetes and pre-diabetes. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an established risk factor for active TB disease, but there is limited understanding of the relationship of DM and latent tuberculosis (LTBI). We sought to determine the relationship between DM or pre-DM with LTBI among household or close contacts (HHCs) of active TB cases in Ethiopia. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We conducted a cross-sectional study of the HHCs of index active TB cases enrolled in an ongoing TB Research Unit (TBRU) study in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. HHCs of individuals with laboratory-confirmed TB had QuantiFERON ®-TB Gold Plus (QFT) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) tests performed. LTBI was defined as a positive QFT and lack of symptoms. HbA1C results were used to define no DM (HbA1c <5.7), pre-DM (HbA1c 5.7-6.5%), and DM (HbA1c >6.5% or prior history of diabetes). Logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) after adjustment for age, sex and HIV status as potential confounders. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Among 466 HHCs, the median age was 29 years (IQR 23-38), 58.8% were female, 3.4% were HIV-positive, and median BMI was 20.9 kg/m^2 (IQR 18.9-23.8). Overall, 329 HHCs (70.6%) had LTBI, 26 (5.6%) had DM and 73 (15.7%) had pre-DM. Compared to HHC without DM, the prevalence of LTBI was higher in those with pre-DM (68.9% vs. 72.6%; OR 1.19, 95% CI 0.69-2.13) and those with DM (88.5%; OR 3.45, 95% CI 1.17-14.77). In multivariable analysis, there was a trend towards increased LTBI risk among HHCs with DM vs. without DM (OR 2.16, 95% CI 0.67-9.70) but the difference was not statistically significant. Among HHCs with LTBI, the median IFN-? response to TB1 antigen was modestly greater in those with DM (5.3 IU/mL; IQR 3.0-7.8) and pre-DM (5.4 IU/mL; IQR 2.0-8.4) compared to HHCs without DM (4.3 IU/mL; IQR 1.4-7.7). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: Our results suggest that DM may increase the risk of LTBI among HHCs recently exposed to active TB. Among those with LTBI, increased IFN-? antigen response in the presence of DM and pre-DM may indicate an exaggerated but ineffectual response to TB. Further investigation is needed to assess how dysglycemia impacts susceptibility to M. tuberculosis.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: To compare the effects of dietary fiber supplementation based on fermentability and viscosity on phosphorus fractional absorption and the gut microbiome in a rat model of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD). METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: 25-week-old Cy/+ male rats (CKD hereafter) will be randomly assigned to receive one of four fiber treatments (10% w/w each) based on fermentability and viscosity: 1) Cellulose (-fermentability, -viscosity), 2) inulin (+fermentability, -viscosity), 3) psyllium husk (-fermentability, +viscosity), or 4) pectin (+ fermentability, +viscosity). Diets will be formulated with a semipurified diet containing 0.7% phosphorus. Treatments will last for 10 weeks, and rats will be euthanized at 35 weeks of age, where animals have reached kidney failure. Intravenous and oral 33P will be used for intestinal phosphorus fractional absorption and cecal/fecal samples will be obtained at euthanasia for microbiome assessment using shotgun metagenomics. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Our preliminary data show that fermentable dietary fiber (inulin) impacted phosphorus homeostasis by increasing the circulating levels of fibroblast growth factor-23 (a bone-derived hormone that increases phosphorus excretion in urine) and lowering circulating levels of phosphorus in the Cy/+ male rat model of progressive chronic kidney disease. We hypothesize that dietary fiber impacts phosphorus absorption in gut microbiome-dependent and independent mechanisms. For example, fermentable fiber enhances the production of short-chain fatty acids, lowering the intraluminal pH, and enhancing mineral solubility and absorption. Meanwhile, viscous fibers may encapsulate minerals limiting their absorption if these fibers are non-fermentable. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Hyperphosphatemia, or high circulating phosphorus, is a major factor in the pathogenesis of CKD-MBD. Treatment of hyperphosphatemia is focused on reducing intestinal absorption. However, available therapies vary in their efficacy and focus on phosphorus absorption in the small intestine, ignoring the possible impact of the large intestine.

Inadequate training in the interpersonal skills of conducting informed consent conversations has long been noted as a challenge for clinical research recruitment and retention. To address this critical gap, Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute developed regular trainings for clinical research coordinators and other research staff on the practical skills of communicating informed consent using community members as simulated patients for role-playing exercises. In this paper, we assess the reach and effectiveness of these trainings and describe the impact of employing community stakeholders as simulated patients. We found that by embedding community members in the trainings, clinical research coordinators get to hear diverse perspectives, experience a range of patient responses, and learn from the lived experience of the communities that research tries to serve. Utilizing community members as trainers also helps to dismantle traditional power dynamics by demonstrating the organization’s commitment to inclusiveness and community engagement. Based on these findings, we suggest that training on informed consent include more simulated consent exercises that feature interaction with community members who can provide real-time feedback to coordinators.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is largely preventable, and the leading cause of death for men and women. Though women have increased life expectancy compared to men, there are marked sex disparities in prevalence and risk of CVD-associated mortality and dementia. Yet, the basis for these and female-male differences is not completely understood. It is increasingly recognized that heart and brain health represent a lifetime of exposures to shared risk factors (including obesity, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and hypertension) that compromise cerebrovascular health. We describe the process and resources for establishing a new research Center for Women’s Cardiovascular and Brain Health at the University of California, Davis as a model for: (1) use of the cy pres principle for funding science to improve health; (2) transdisciplinary collaboration to leapfrog progress in a convergence science approach that acknowledges and addresses social determinants of health; and (3) training the next generation of diverse researchers. This may serve as a blueprint for future Centers in academic health institutions, as the cy pres mechanism for funding research is a unique mechanism to leverage residual legal settlement funds to catalyze the pace of scientific discovery, maximize innovation, and promote health equity in addressing society’s most vexing health problems.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Our long-term goal is to elucidate the molecular mechanisms and virulence factors that control the differential presentation of infection with Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella typhi. The objectives of this study are to study the mechanisms that enable S. typhi to trigger a decreased inflammatory response in comparison with S. typhimurium and evade detection by the immune system, leading to the development of asymptomatic chronic carriage of S. typhi. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: A loss of function eptB mutant S. typhimurium strain was generated. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was isolated from wild-type and eptB mutant S. typhimurium and wild-type S. typhi. Binding of LPS to recombinant intelectin was tested by dot blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA). C57BL/6 mice were infected with wild-type or eptB mutant S. typhimurium by oral gavage and inflammatory cytokines in the spleen, liver, and Peyer’s patches were measured by qPCR. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: LPS isolated from wild-type S. typhimurium is not bound by intelectin, a protein that has been proposed to function in innate immunity and that is known to be able to bind certain moieties within LPS. Conversely, LPS isolated from eptB mutant S. typhimurium and wild-type S. typhi, which lacks a functional eptB, is bound by intelectin. Mice infected with an eptB mutant S. typhimurium exhibit decreased expression of inflammatory cytokines in the spleen compared to mice infected with the wild type S. typhimurium, suggesting that loss of eptB function allows a nontyphoidal Salmonella serovar to mimic the stealth phenotype of typhoidal serovars. Together, these results suggest that loss of eptB function allows intelectin to bind to and detoxify Salmonella LPS, leading to decreased systemic inflammation during infection. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: These results have broad implications for how pathogens such as S. typhimurium induce systemic shock during infection and may also help to explain a mechanism for how S. typhi is able to evade immune detection and enhance dissemination to systemic sites, leading to development of the asymptomatic chronic carrier state. Further investigation of this novel virulence mechanism will mark a decisive step forward in understanding the mechanisms underlying the differential pathogenesis of S. typhimurium-induced gastroenteritis and S. typhi-induced typhoid fever. Additionally, these results contribute to our understanding of the interactions between host and pathogen in affecting disease presentation, which will have wide appeal among researchers interested in microbial pathogenesis and the contribution of host-pathogen interactions to health and disease.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: This work aims to explore how citizen science serves as a transformative frame work to bridge scientific knowledge, focusing on its potential to enhance transdisciplinary learning in artificial intelligence (AI) biomedical and clinical sciences by facilitating near-peer mentoring. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Our group of eight friends comprise a multicultural and multidisciplinary cohort including students from the USA, Philippines, Indonesia, and Guatemala pursuing PhD degrees in electrical and computer engineering, epidemiology, physics, and MD, PharmD, and DMD degrees. We engage in shared online courses, collaborative projects, and abstract submissions. Employing our collective knowledge, we design interactive learning experiences, support each other’s initiatives, and collaboratively develop lectures and presentations. We in tend to expand collaborations in biomedical AI education while fostering principles of experiential and collaborativelearning, constructivism, and authentic inquiry. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Our recent successes include submittedconference abstracts on data science and AI education in pharmacy and the facilitation of a guest lecture in health informatics. Additionally, we are currently collaborating on seven biomedical machine learning projects in radio frequency engineering, aiming for conference submissions. Moving forward, our goal is to expand our group, support the formation of similar communities, and promote data science and AI literacy in biomedical and clinical contexts. We aspire to extend this knowledge to families, classmates, and eventually patients, facilitating a broader understanding of the role of AI in healthcare. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: We believe diverse expertise and pedagogical theories can help demonstrate the potential of citizen science to democratize scientific experience. By nurturing collaborative networks our efforts aim to bridge gaps between disciplines and enhance the broader public’s understanding of AI in healthcare.

As the COVID-19 pandemic took hold in the USA in early 2020, it became clear that knowledge of the prevalence of antibodies to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) among asymptomatic individuals could inform public health policy decisions and provide insight into the impact of the infection on vulnerable populations. Two Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) Hubs and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) set forth to conduct a national seroprevalence survey to assess the infection’s rate of spread. This partnership was able to quickly design and launch the project by leveraging established research capacities, prior experiences in large-scale, multisite studies and a highly skilled workforce of CTSA hubs and unique experimental capabilities at the NIH to conduct a diverse prospective, longitudinal observational cohort of 11,382 participants who provided biospecimens and participant-reported health and behavior data. The study was completed in 16 months and benefitted from transdisciplinary teamwork, information technology innovations, multimodal communication strategies, and scientific partnership for rigor in design and analytic methods. The lessons learned by the rapid implementation and dissemination of this national study is valuable in guiding future multisite projects as well as preparation for other public health emergencies and pandemics.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Many CTSA network activities aim to promote collaboration. Who should we target, and how should we evaluate short-term success? This study examined the validity of recently developed collaboration readiness indices among early career scholars, an important and understudied portion of the translational workforce. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Participants were 107 scholars within 10 years of completing terminal degree or residency (mean age = 38; 69% female; 29% MD) who applied to one of two week-long NCATS-funded Innovation Labs (www.buffalo.edu/innovationlabs.html). Measures included the MATRICx (Mallinson etal., 2016), which assesses 17 collaboration motivators and 31 threats; the Transdisciplinary Orientation Scale (TDO; Misra etal., 2015), an assessment of attitudes and behaviors theorized to predict effective collaboration; and a brief measure of one’s perceived ability to succeed in different aspects of collaboration (i.e., self-efficacy; see teamscience.net). RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Factor analyses of individual measures and evaluation of cross-scale correlations suggest that collaboration readiness is multi-dimensional. Factor analysis of the MATRICx suggests 3 moderately-correlated facets of motivators (benefits to world, self, and others rs = +.50 to +.62) and threats (process concerns, external barriers, and leadership style, rs = +.29 to +.53). Most correlations between motivator and threat scales (except process concerns) were modest, suggesting they reflect relatively independent aspects of collaboration readiness. The TDO scales seemed to capture a different aspect of collaboration readiness; correlations with MATRICx motivator and threat scales were mostly modest (rs = -.26 to +.43). As expected, collaboration self-efficacy was positively related to collaboration motivators and TDO (rs = +.41 to +.59) and negatively related to collaboration threats (particularly process threats, r = -.47). Participants typically scored in the upper half of the TDO, MATRICx motivator, and collaboration self-efficacy scale ranges, and in the lower half of the MATRICx threat scale ranges. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Collaboration readiness is a reasonable short-term target of efforts to promote collaboration. However, this work suggests that no single scale captures the entire conceptual space, and multiple measures should be assessed. The implications for efforts to enhance collaboration are intriguing. In samples already high in collaboration readiness, these measures will have limited ability to detect positive change. However, assessment of collaboration readiness may be particularly useful in identifying scholars who could most benefit from collaboration-enhancement programs (i.e., scholars with moderate scores on one or more of these metrics) and in personalizing intervention (e.g., selectively targeting TDO, collaboration motivators, and/or collaboration self-efficacy, and/or perceived threats to collaboration).

Academic medical centers (AMCs) rely on engaged and motivated faculty for their success. Significant burnout among clinical and research faculty has resulted in career disengagement and turnover. As such, AMCs must be vested in cultivating faculty engagement and well-being through novel initiatives that support faculty. The Well-Being Education Grants program was established by the Office for Well-Being within the Center for Faculty Development at Massachusetts General Hospital to provide the impetus many faculty needed to dedicate time to their well-being, demonstrating that investments in multi-component interventions around faculty well-being require resources and funding.