To clarify the texture evolution mechanism of Fe-Mn-Si-based shape memory alloys, the rolling texture of an Fe-14Mn-5Si-9Cr-5Ni shape memory alloy is investigated during rolling to a final reduction of 82% at 873 K. A new rolling texture caused by single slip plane slipping is observed from such alloy, which is different from the conventional copper-type and brass-type textures. By means of the {111} pole figure scattering analysis of the local deformation structure, we conclude that such single slip plane slipping results in the weakness of brass orientation in the α fiber and the great enhancement of β fiber connecting S′ {331}<213> and B′ orientations {110}<114>.

We report the systematic substitution of Nb at the Cu1 site of YBa2Cu3Oy in thin films to form a new phase of YBa2Cu2NbO8. These films were deposited on SrTiO3(100) crystals using pulsed laser deposition and deposited at an optimal temperature of 850 °C. Films were characterized using x-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), micro-Raman spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. XRD of these films indicate c-axis oriented YBa2Cu2NbOy formation. XPS and micro-Raman spectroscopy analysis suggests Cu exists in the +2 state.

The growth restriction factor is a parameter derived from binary phase diagrams and is a useful predictor for the grain refining response when a solute is added to a base alloy. This work investigates the relevance of growth restriction theory to titanium alloys where solidification rates are an order of magnitude faster than previous studies in aluminum- and magnesium-based systems. In particular, the segregation of Fe and Cr in titanium is investigated and the effects on grain size studied. It was found that the Scheil equation reasonably modeled solidification of titanium where cooling rates approach 120 °C/s, and the growth restriction factors for Fe and Cr were useful in predicting prior-β grain refinement. However, it was found that caution must be used when calculating growth restriction factors from binary phase diagrams.

Microstructural changes and phase transformations of an electropulsing-treated (EPT) ZA22 alloy wire were studied using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron-microscopy techniques. Two stages of phase transformation were detected in the EPT alloy: (i) quenching from the as furnace-cooled (FC) state to the final stable state and (ii) up-quenching from the final stable state back to the as FC state through two reverse phase transformations: T′ + η → α + ε and η′T + ε + α → η′FC. Electropulsing accelerated phase transformation tremendously. It was at least 1200 times faster than the aging process. The mechanism of the electropulsing-induced phase transformations is discussed from the point of view of Gibbs free energy and electropulsing kinetics.

Here we describe a simple method to produce boron nanoparticles with control over surface chemistry and dispersiblity in different solvents, with potential applications ranging from high energy density fuels to neutron capture therapy. The methodology should be adaptable to many hard materials; indeed, we have produced hydrocarbon-dispersible silicon nanoparticles using a procedure similar to that described below. The method, based on high-energy milling, with subsequent sedimentation to separate aggregates, produces gram quantities of nanoparticles in a narrow distribution of particle sizes centered around 50 nm, and should be readily scalable to industrial scale production.

The structural evolution with temperature of some V2O5 gels and thin films is presented, and the role of the hydrolysis conditions is investigated. Several techniques, i.e., x-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis, infrared, and temperature-dependent Raman spectroscopy, have been used to follow the thermal behavior of the samples. When the bulk xerogels begin to change from a nanocrystalline phase to the orthorhombic α-V2O5, in the temperature range 280 to 300 °C, a growth of vanadium oxide nanotubes also occurs, while at higher temperatures the crystallization into the α phase prevails. A slightly different evolution is observed for heat treated thin films, which show a structure containing polyvanadate chains near room temperature. They also present a growth of nanotubes for intermediate temperatures and a complete crystallization into the α phase when the temperature is further increased.

We investigated the elastic properties of two tin-copper crystalline phases, the η′-Cu6Sn5 and ε-Cu3Sn, which are often encountered in microelectronic packaging applications. The full elastic stiffness of both phases is determined based on strain-energy relations using first-principles calculations. The computed results show the elastic anisotropy of both phases that cannot be resolved from experiments. Our results, suggesting both phases have the greatest stiffness along the c direction, particularly showed the unique in-plane elastic anisotropy associated with the lattice modulation of the Cu3Sn superstructure. The polycrystalline moduli obtained using the Voigt-Reuss scheme are 125.98 GPa for Cu6Sn5 and 134.16 GPa for Cu3Sn. Our data analysis indicates that the smaller elastic moduli of Cu6Sn5 are attributed to the direct Sn–Sn bond in Cu6Sn5. We reassert the elastic modulus and hardness of both phases using the nanoindentation experiment for our calculation benchmark. Interestingly, the computed polycrystalline elastic modulus of Cu6Sn5 seems to be overestimated, whereas that of Cu3Sn falls nicely in the range of reported data. Based on the observations, the elastic modulus of Cu6Sn5 obtained from nanoindentation tests admit the microstructure effect that is absent for Cu3Sn is concluded. Our analysis of electronic structure shows that the intrinsic hardness and elastic modulus of both phases are dominated by electronic structure and atomic lattice structure, respectively.

In coating/substrate bilayer systems, the indentation contact behavior transitionally varies from coatinglike to substratelike behaviors. Spatial confinement effects of the substrate induce very complicated plastic flows in the coating beneath the indenter, leading to a crucial difficulty that is not accounted for by any of the present quantitative analytical/theoretical predictions for the substrate-affected contact hardness. In this work, the author presents finite-element-based studies on the elastoplastic indentation contact mechanics of coating/substrate systems. The effect of the substrate is taken into account by introducing the spatially variable elastic modulus and the yield stress; this approach quantitatively describes the substrate-affected stress/strain field in the spatially localized area beneath the indenter. The elastoplastic constitutive relationship of the contact hardness for semi-infinite homogeneous bulks combined with these spatially variable material characteristics are successfully applied to analytically as well as quantitatively predict the substrate-affected contact hardness of bilayer composite systems having wide ranges of elastoplastic coating/substrate characteristics. The experimental procedures for determining the elastic/plastic parameters both of the coating and the substrate are also discussed, in which the importance of the experimental determination of substrate-affected indentation contact radius/area is emphasized.

The ignition and reaction mechanisms of the thermal explosion reaction in the Ni-Ti-C system under air and Ar conditions were investigated. The reaction for the formation of TiC can be initiated at a low temperature under air. The ignition temperature under air is much lower than that under Ar. Under Ar, both the ignition and reaction mechanisms consist of dissolution, reaction, and precipitation. Under air, the ignition mechanism is confirmed to be the chemical oven mechanism, and the reaction mechanism is dissolution, reaction, and precipitation. The mechanism of gas transport plays a much more minor role in the ignition and reaction processes under air.

Porous ZrO2:8 mol% Y2O3 sintered ceramics were prepared by adding graphite powder as pore former before sintering. The thermal elimination of graphite was evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis. Impedance spectroscopy analysis was carried out in the 5 Hz to 13 MHz frequency range in specimens sintered with and without pore former. The deconvolution of the impedance diagrams, [Z″(ω) × Z′(ω)] and [Z″(ω) × log f], and the numerical residuals resulting from the subtraction of normalized impedance spectroscopy diagrams measured in specimens with and without pore formers were evaluated. A comparison of the impedance diagrams of samples sintered with and without pore former shows evidence of a modification of the electrical response caused by pores. The results show the unequivocal ability of the impedance spectroscopy technique to gauge microstructural modification caused by the presence of pores in ionic conducting solids.

The grain refinement effect of a pulsed magnetic field on superalloy IN718 was investigated. The experimental results show that fine equiaxed grains are acquired under the pulsed magnetic field. The refinement effect of the pulsed magnetic field is affected by the mold temperature. And the mixed grains are found in the solidified microstructures under the pulsed magnetic field. The origin of nuclei under the pulsed magnetic field is from the mold wall because of the rough mold surface, the undercooling, and the melt vibration, which all contribute to the refinement of solidified grains.

A Cu- and Ni-free Zr-based metallic glass with high glass-forming ability was found in the Zr-Al-Co ternary system. The eutectic Zr56Al16Co28 alloy could be cast into glassy cylindrical rods with diameters up to 18 mm. The glassy alloy exhibited high tensile fracture strength of 1830 MPa and low Young's modulus of 83 GPa in conjunction with better corrosion resistance compared with the glassy Zr57Nb5Al10Ni12.6Cu15.4 in a simulated body fluid. Hydrothermal-electrochemical treatment in the aqueous 5M-NaOH solution resulted in the formation of amorphous sodium cobaltate layer on the surface of glassy Zr56Al16Co28 alloy. Hydroxyapatite was spontaneously formed on the surface of the alloy, indicating bioactivity after surface modification. The discovery of a Cu- and Ni-free Zr-based metallic glass with a critical diameter larger than 1 cm in conjunction with excellent mechanical properties, superior corrosion resistance, and good bioactivity may open up the application field as biomaterials.

A new powder metallurgy technique for creating porous NiTi is demonstrated, combining liquid phase sintering of prealloyed NiTi powders by Nb additions and pore creation by NaCl space-holders. The resulting foams exhibit well-densified NiTi–Nb walls surrounding interconnected pores created by the space-holder, with controlled fraction, size, and shape. Only small amounts of Nb (3 at.%) are needed to produce a eutectic liquid that considerably improves the otherwise poor densification of NiTi powders. NiTi–Nb foams with 34–44% porosity exhibit high compressive failure stress (>1,500 MPa), ductile behavior (>50% compressive strain), low stiffness (10–20 GPa), and large shape-memory recovery strains. These thermomechanical properties, together with the known biocompatibility of the alloy, make these open-cell foams attractive for bone implant applications.

The coarsening of polyhedral grains in a liquid matrix was calculated using crystal growth and dissolution equations used in crystal growth theories for faceted crystals. The coarsening behavior was principally governed by the relative value of the maximum driving force for growth (Δgmax), which is determined by the average size and size distribution, to the critical driving force for appreciable growth (Δgc). When Δgmax was much larger than Δgc, pseudonormal grain coarsening occurred. With a reduction of Δgmax relative to Δgc, abnormal grain coarsening (AGC, when Δgmax ≥ Δgc) and stagnant grain coarsening (SGC, when Δgmax < Δgc) were predicted. The observed cyclic AGC and incubation for AGC in real systems with faceted grains were explained in terms of the relative value between Δgmax and Δgc. The effects of various processing and physical parameters, such as the initial grain size and distribution, the liquid volume fraction, step free energy, and temperature, were also evaluated. The calculated results were in good agreement with previous experimental observations.

Ultrafine-grained samples were produced from a Ni nanopowder by hot isostatic pressing (HIP) and spark plasma sintering (SPS). The microstructure and mechanical behavior of the two specimens were compared. The grain coarsening observed during the SPS procedure was moderated due to a reduced temperature and time of consolidation compared with HIP processing. The smaller grain-size and higher nickel-oxide content in the SPS-processed sample resulted in a higher yield strength. Compression experiments showed that the specimen produced by SPS reached a maximal flow stress at a small strain, which was followed by a long steady-state softening while the HIP-processed sample hardened until failure. It was revealed that the softening of the SPS-processed sample resulted from microcracking along the grain boundaries.

The grain refinement effect of a pulsed magnetic field on superalloy K417 was studied. The experimental results show that fine equiaxed grains are acquired with proper thermal control under the pulsed magnetic field. The refinement effect of the pulsed magnetic field is affected by the melt cooling rate and the melt superheating. The refinement effect of the pulsed magnetic field is attributed to the dissociation of nuclei from the mold wall by melt vibration and the subsequent dispersion of nuclei by melt convection. The Joule heat and the melt convection caused by the pulsed magnetic field may defer the formation of solidified shell, which prolongs the continuous refinement process. The decrease of melt cooling rate reduces the number of nuclei produced on the mold wall but prolongs the duration for the nuclei to depart from the mold wall and disperse in the melt, which enhances the refinement effect of the pulsed magnetic field. The increase of melt superheating lessens the survival probability of the nuclei in the melt, which weakens the refinement effect of the pulsed magnetic field.

In situ observation of phase formations in Cu–In–2Se (atomic ratio) precursor layers was carried out using temperature-dependent micro-Raman scattering spectroscopy. Without the protection of a high Se vapor pressure, intermediate In–Se and Cu–Se selenides and CuAu-ordered CuInSe2 (CIS) were easily formed in the amorphous precursor layer, which have atomic structures arranged in a way close to that of α-CIS. The binary selenides were transformed to the α-CIS by in-/out-diffusion of the mobile Cu and Se atoms/ions. The γ-CuSe and α-CIS began to form at a temperature as low as ∼170 °C.

Intense debates have been prompted concerning whether homogeneous deformation can be achieved in bulk metallic glasses at room temperature through the suppression of shear bands at the submicron scale. In this short communication, we demonstrate that multiple shear banding can be successfully attained via a proper modification of the microsample geometry, resulting in the appearance of a homogeneous deformation mode at the submicron scale. However, the apparent deformation homogeneity in our microcompression experiment is a manifestation of the sample geometry effect on the propagation rather than nucleation of shear bands.

In ductile metals, sliding contact induces plastic deformation resulting in subsurfaces, the mechanical properties of which are different from those of the bulk. This article describes a novel combination of nanomechanical test methods and analysis techniques to evaluate the mechanical behavior of the subsurfaces generated underneath a wear surface. In this methodology, nanoscratch techniques were first used to generate wear patterns as a function of load and number of cycles using a Hysitron TriboIndenter. Measurements were made on a (001) single crystal plane along two crystallographic directions, <001> and <011>. Nanoindentation was then used to measure mechanical properties in each wear pattern. The results on the (001) single crystal nickel plane showed that there was a strong increase in hardness with increasing applied load that was accompanied by a change in surface deformation. The amount of deformation underneath the wear patterns was examined from focused ion beam cross-sections of the wear patterns.