Are women and men in positions of authority judged differently? If a gender evaluation gap exists, is it due to persistent stereotypes or notions of gender solidarity? We explore gender differences in judgement through a survey experiment in Argentina with a national sample of 4,068 employees. Respondents were asked to recommend a salary increase for a “bad boss” whose behavior was characterized as aggressive and at the limit of what is fair and appropriate. The survey experiment measures the extent to which respondents punish and reward female and male managers differently. The main finding is that women are more likely to punish male bad bosses, and men are more likely to punish female bad bosses. We explain variation as a function of respondents’ social and personal networks. Study findings carry significant implications for the study of the gender pay gap.

El artículo analiza de las percepciones y legitimación frente a las desigualdades para el caso chileno, enfocándose en su dimensión socioecológica. Muestra resultados de una investigación cualitativa de cuatro años realizada en cinco casos de territorios sometidos a altos niveles de degradación ambiental, con el fin de analizar los procesos a través de los cuales los sujetos perciben esta dimensión de la desigualdad y van construyendo una gramática al respecto, considerando que son espacios en los que la intersección de variables que configuran las posiciones de desventaja adquieren una violencia tal que amenaza la vida misma de los sujetos y la de su entorno. Para esto analiza los elementos del contexto tóxico que atraviesan las percepciones de desigualdad, para establecer cuatro gramáticas de la legitimación: la naturalización, la relativización, la negación y la resignación.

O presente artigo tem por objetivo lastrear o desenvolvimento inicial das concepções sobre a teoria marxista da dependência ainda no calor do embate político no Brasil entre 1959 e 1967. Inicialmente, o texto se debruça sobre a formação e desenvolvimento da Organização Revolucionária Marxista Política Operária através da análise de alguns documentos políticos da organização, para em seguida, pôr em foco o Programa Socialista para o Brasil de 1967, de modo a destacar certas similaridades do programa político com as linhas centrais que virão a compor a teoria marxista da dependência. Ao final, o artigo levanta relação recíproca entre os conhecimentos forjados no calor da luta política com aqueles elaborados dentro da universidade, indicando a presença e reelaboração das concepções da organização política nas obras iniciais dos cientistas sociais brasileiros Theotônio dos Santos e Ruy Mauro Marini.

In the 1930s the Bolivian and Mexican governments decreed the nationalization of their respective oil industries, thus starting a juncture of tensions in their relationship with the United States government and companies. In both cases foreign companies quit the respective host countries, but Bolivia was less successful than Mexico in maintaining its initial stand in face of the external pressure. Following a most-similar-system design strategy to compare both cases of asymmetrical confrontation, which share a similar set of conditions regarding simultaneity, starting causes of the conflict, actors involved and international context, we contend that the difference in the confrontation’s resolution is mainly attributable to differing domestic variables. Controlling for the similarity in external conditions, we show that the building and maintenance of a strong internal support coalition was critical for the capacity of the weakest part to advance its interest in an asymmetrical atmosphere.

Why have moderate electorates elected and reelected leftist governments in Latin America over the last twenty years? Scholars who rely on the classic Downsian logic of the median voter theorem have observed a process of ideological moderation among the most salient left-wing parties in the region. However, there have been no systematic attempts to evaluate the moderation thesis at the comparative level, either across Latin America or within cases over time. This article uses a directional model in the spatial modeling tradition to argue that the success of the left rests on the provision of clear leftist programmatic cues to voters. Data coming from the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems for five Latin American countries during 1994 and 2014 show that left-wing parties won on left-wing platforms across the region, while an in-depth study on Brazilian elections reveals that leftist voters of the Workers’ Party in 2002 were driven by programmatic cues that largely disappeared during the 2010 elections.

La identificación partidista es importante para explicar las actitudes, opiniones y el comportamiento político de los individuos en muchos contextos. Sin embargo, poca atención se ha puesto a su contraparte, la independencia partidista. En América Latina, los votantes independientes son el 62 por ciento del electorado. Pero ¿quiénes son los votantes independientes en América Latina? ¿cuáles son sus actitudes y comportamiento político? y ¿qué factores inciden en su decisión de voto? Usando datos del Barómetro de las Américas, se distinguen dos tipos de votantes independientes a partir de sus niveles de movilidad cognitiva: apolíticos y apartidistas. Los resultados muestran que los apartidistas se comportan de manera más similar a los partidistas que a los apolíticos en América Latina. Los apartidistas poseen niveles más altos de participación electoral y no electoral, se exponen más a las noticias en medios de comunicación, usan más internet y tienen un mayor conocimiento político que los apolíticos. Además, son más propensos que los apolíticos a utilizar la evaluación del desempeño del gobierno como factor en su decisión de voto.

This article introduces an analytical framework to explain the coexistence of peaceful borders and illicit transnational flows as evidenced by drug trafficking, human trafficking and smuggling, weapons trafficking, and terrorism in the Americas, a region characterized by international peace, domestic peace, and regional integration. Under the assumption that peaceful relations among neighboring countries enable the incursion of transnational nonstate actors across their borders, the article poses this main question: Under which conditions might peaceful borders enable illicit transnational flows? There is much more variance in the incidence of these illicit transnational flows across borders than in the existence of international peace. The article examines two major variables: the degree of governance and institutional strength of the bordering states; and the prevalent socioeconomic conditions of the bordering states.

O desenvolvimento humano é um termo complexo, que envolve diferentes dimensões, entre elas saúde, educação, emprego, renda, habitação e saneamento básico, as quais são garantidas constitucionalmente no Brasil desde 1988. Diante da importância e da notoriedade acadêmica dessa temática, o presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar a influência das condições sociais no desenvolvimento humano municipal brasileiro, controlada por dimensões demográficas. Para tanto, foi realizada a técnica multivariada de análise fatorial, a partir da qual se identificou quatro fatores; posteriormente, aplicou-se uma regressão logística multinomial para todos os municípios e regiões brasileiras separadamente. Como principal resultado, destaca-se a necessidade de atenção dos municípios com menor nível de desenvolvimento para os fatores de emprego e vulnerabilidade social e saneamento básico e habitação, visto que este exerce influência na saúde pública. Além disso, as desigualdades regionais apontam para diferentes necessidades de serviços públicos. Neste caso, torna-se importante o comprometimento da gestão na elaboração de estratégias de promoção e de expansão do acesso aos serviços de saneamento básico, como forma prioritária para melhoria das condições sociais e do desenvolvimento humano.

This article traces the origins of María Elena Velasco’s comic character “la India María” through what Fatimah Tobing Rony has labeled ethnographic film. It explores how Velasco’s first film, Tonta, tonta, pero no tanto (dir. Fernando Cortés, Mexico, 1972), borrows conventional linguistic and performative representations from the so-called Indigenista films of Emilio “Indio” Fernández and Benito Alazraki. The essay also studies how popular discourses regarding Indigenous intelligence and the trope of illiterate Natives as “burros” coincide with the state ideologies behind comic representations of Indigenous characters.

Os casamentos entre pessoas de diferentes países tendem a organizar-se segundo geografias preferenciais e constituem paisagens conjugais distintivas, como a que ganha forma no espaço transatlântico euro-brasileiro de que o presente artigo dá conta. Neste contexto predominam os arranjos matrimoniais com uma determinada estrutura de género-nacionalidade (homens-europeus e mulheres-brasileiras), dos quais emergem configurações de aliança espacial e culturalmente extensivas, assentes numa exogamia que cruza fronteiras políticas, sociais e identitárias. Diversificada e distendida, esta paisagem conjugal articula múltiplos eixos de alteridade: nacionalidade, sexualidade, género, “raça”, etnicidade, classe. Mais do que fatores de clivagem, as demarcações inscritas neste padrão heterogâmico funcionam como indutoras de atração, envolvendo a conjugação de diversos desejos. As diferenças e desigualdades inerentes aos casamentos entre europeus e brasileiras tendem a suscitar a ideia de que as últimas serão as maiores beneficiadas com a constituição de vínculos de aliança transnacionais. Porém, esta hipergamia feminina pode ser obstada, sobretudo quando o matrimónio implica a migração para a Europa.

After a long period of dictatorship in Latin America, the quality and deepening of democracy have been associated with citizen participation. This article examines the social uses of the notion of participation beyond an exclusively institutional dimension. Starting from the example of the transformation of Valparaíso’s former prison into a cultural space, initiated in 1999, this article studies participation in light of the fluctuating relationships to politics that different actors maintain. It examines how the former prison was transformed into a cause as part of a broader response to a neoliberal urban project and top-down practices. Further, this work analyzes the diverse experiences of commitment among the artists occupying the former prison, highlighting the tensions and dilemmas associated with the exercise of politics in a conflictual context.

Este ensayo reseña las siguientes películas:

50 Chuseok. Dir. Tamae Garateguy. Prod. Florencia Franco, Tamae Garateguy y Chang Sung Kim. Argentina, 2018, 84 minutos. https://play.cine.ar/INCAA/produccion/5833.

Halmoni/Abuela/Grandmother. Dir. Daniel Kim. Prod. Mariana Luconi. Argentina, 2018, 63 minutos. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mZ6FQfIP0EI.

Mi último fracaso/My Last Failure. Dir. Cecilia Kang. Prod. Cecilia Kang y Virginia Roffo. Argentina, 2016, 63 minutos. Contactarse con la directora Cecilia Kang para obtener visionado de su película: misbelovedones@gmail.com.

This essay reviews the following works:

The Economics of Contemporary Latin America. By Beatriz Armendáriz and Felipe Larraín B. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2017. Pp. xix + 439. $28.95 paperback. ISBN: 9780262533157.

Technology and the Search for Progress in Modern Mexico. By Edward Beatty. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2015. Pp. x + 342. $34.95 paperback. ISBN: 9780520284890.

Guano and the Opening of the Pacific World: A Global Ecological History. By Gregory T. Cushman. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013. Pp. xxii + 393. $84.29 hardcover. ISBN: 9781107004139.

Oil Revolution: Anticolonial Elites, Sovereign Rights, and the Economic Culture of Decolonization. By Cristopher R. W. Dietrich. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2017. Pp. xviii + 352. $34.72 paperback. ISBN: 9781316617892.

Historia mínima de la expansión ferroviaria en América Latina. Edited by Sandra Kuntz-Ficker. Mexico City: El Colegio de México, 2015. Pp. 361. ISBN: 9786074628449.

The First Export Era Revisited: Reassessing Its Contribution to Latin American Economies. Edited by Sandra Kuntz-Ficker. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017. Pp. xxii + 348. $109.67 hardcover. ISBN: 9783319623399.

The Global Political Economy of Raúl Prebisch. Edited by Matias E. Margulis. London: Routledge, 2017. Pp. xv + 217. $103.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9781138219779.

The World Economy through the Lens of the United Nations. Edited by José Antonio Ocampo, Anis Chowdhury, and Diana Alarcón. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018. Pp. xxv + 296. $90.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9780198817345.

Palma Africana. By Michael Taussig. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018. Pp. 258. $25.00. ISBN: 9780226516134.

Un siglo de economía en Bolivia (1900–2015). Tópicos de historia económica (tomo 1) y Working Papers (tomo 2). Edited by Iván Velázquez-Castellanos and Mario Pacheco Torrico. La Paz: Konrad Adenauer Stiftung, 2017. Vol. 1, pp. 643. ISBN: 9789995418526. Vol. 2, pp. 508. ISBN: 9789995418533. (Both volumes are available by download from the Periódico Digital de Investigación sobre Bolivia, https://www.pieb.com.bo/sipieb_nota.php?idn=11054).

This essay reviews the following works:

Between the Middle East and the Americas: The Cultural Politics of Diaspora. Edited by Evelyn Alsultany and Ella Shohat. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2013. Pp. ix + 334. $41.95 paperback. ISBN: 9780472069446.

Forbidden Passages: Muslims and Moriscos in Colonial Spanish America. By Karoline P. Cook. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016. Pp. 261. $45.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9780812248241.

More Argentine Than You: Arabic-Speaking Immigrants in Argentina. By Steven Hyland Jr. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2017. Pp. ix + 304. $65.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9780826358776.

Islam and the Americas. Edited by Aisha Khan. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2015. Pp. vii + 331. $32.00 paperback. ISBN: 9780813060132.

Crescent over Another Horizon: Islam in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Latino USA. Edited by María del Mar Logroño Narbona, Paulo G. Pinto, and John Tofik Karam. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2015. Pp. ix + 344. $60.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9781477302293.

The Mexican Mahjar: Transnational Maronites, Jews, and Arabs under the French Mandate. By Camila Pastor. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2017. Pp. ix + 352. $29.95 paperback. ISBN: 9781477314623.

Syrian and Lebanese Patrícios in São Paulo: From the Levant to Brazil. By Oswaldo Truzzi. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2018. Pp. ix + 173. $30.00 paperback. ISBN: 9780252083631.

This essay reviews the following works:

Rebelocracy: Social Order in the Colombian Civil War. By Ana Arjona. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2016. Pp. xxii + 401. $33.99 paperback. ISBN: 9781107571594.

Rivalry and Revenge: The Politics of Violence during Civil War. By Laia Balcells. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2017. Pp. ix + 285. $29.99 paperback. ISBN: 9781107548213.

Resisting War: How Communities Protect Themselves. By Oliver Kaplan. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2017. Pp. xi + 360. $34.99 paperback. ISBN: 9781316612446.

Electing Peace: From Civil Conflict to Political Participation. By Aila Matanock. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2017. Pp. vii + 320. $34.99 paperback. ISBN: 9781316638811.

Mourning Remains: State Atrocity, Exhumations, and Governing the Disappeared in Peru’s Postwar Andes. By Isaias Rojas-Perez. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2017. Pp. ix + 330. $29.95 paperback. ISBN: 9781503602625.

Politics after Violence: Legacies of the Shining Path Conflict in Peru. Edited by Hillel David Soifer and Alberto Vergara. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2019. Pp. x + 373. $45.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9781477317310.

Democracy and Displacement in Colombia’s Civil War. By Abbey Steele. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2017. Pp. ix + 264. $49.99 paperback. ISBN: 9781501713736.

Citizens of Memory: Affect, Representation, and Human Rights in Postdictatorship Argentina. By Silvia R. Tandeciarz. Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press, 2017. Pp. ix + 304. $120.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9781611488456.

This essay reviews the following works:

Beyond Civil Society: Activism, Participation, and Protest in Latin America. Edited by Sonia E. Alvarez, Jeffrey W. Rubin, Millie Thayer, Gianpaolo Baiocchi, and Agustín Laó-Montes. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2017. Pp. xvi + 386 pages. $29.95 paperback. ISBN: 9780822373353.

Social Protests in Colombia: A History, 1958–1990: Social Movements in the Americas. By Mauricio Archila Neira. Translated by Camilo Ordoñez-Zambrano; foreword by A. Ricardo López-Pedreros. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2019. Pp. xx + 375. $120.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9781498558877.

Estado de malestar y tradiciones de lucha: Genealogía del movimiento piquetero de Tartagal-Mosconi, 1930–2001. By José Daniel Benclowitz. Buenos Aires: Biblos, 2013. ISBN: 9789876911146.

Policing Protest in Argentina and Chile. By Michelle D. Bonner. Boulder, CO: First Forum Press, 2014. Pp. xiv + 249. $75.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9781935049869.

Where Are the Unions? Workers and Social Movements in Latin America, the Middle East and Europe. Edited by Sian Lazar. London: Zed Books, 2017. Pp. 296. $25.00 paperback. ISBN: 9781783609895.

Protest State: The Rise of Everyday Contention in Latin America. By Mason W. Moseley. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018. Pp. xvi + 241. $78.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9780190694005.

The Poor’s Struggle for Political Incorporation: The Piquetero Movement in Argentina. By Federico M. Rossi. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017. Pp. 341. $31.99 paperback. ISBN: 9781107525986.

Indigenous Women’s Movements in Latin America: Gender and Ethnicity in Peru, Mexico, and Bolivia. By Stéphanie Rousseau and Anahi Morales Hudon. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017. Pp. 225. ISBN: 9781349950621.

Popular Movements in Autocracies: Religion, Repression, and Indigenous Collective Action in Mexico. By Guillermo Trejo. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014. Pp. 339. ISBN: 9780521197724.

This essay reviews the following works:

Democracy and Its Discontents in Latin America. Edited by Joe Foweraker and Dolores Trevizo. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2016. Pp. xi + 325. $79.95 hardcover. ISBN: 9781626372764.

Reformas políticas a las organizaciones de partidos en América Latina (1978–2015). Edited by Flavia Freidenberg and Betilde Muñoz-Pogossian. Lima: Pontificia Universidad Católica de Perú, Organización de los Estados Americanos, Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas de la UNAM y Sociedad Argentina de Análisis Político, 2016. Pp. 524. ISBN 9786124713408.

Recycling Dictators in Latin American Elections: Legacies of Military Rule. By Brett J. Kyle. Boulder, CO: First Forum Press, 2016. Pp. xii + 267. $79.95 hardcover. ISBN: 9781626374379.

Democratization and Authoritarian Party Survival: Mexico’s PRI. By Joy K. Langston. New York: Oxford University Press, 2017. Pp. xii + 256. $29.95 paperback. ISBN: 9780190628529.

Challenges of Party-Building in Latin America. Edited by Steven Levitsky, James Loxton, Brandon Van Dyck, and Jorge I. Domínguez. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2016. Pp. xxii + 574. $105.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9781107145948.

Life after Dictatorship: Authoritarian Successor Parties Worldwide. Edited by James Loxton and Scott Mainwaring. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2018. Pp. xxii + 405. $34.99 paperback. ISBN: 9781108445412.

Party Systems in Latin America: Institutionalization, Decay, and Collapse. Edited by Scott P. Mainwaring. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2018. p. xxviii + 496. $39.99 paperback. ISBN: 9781316627525.

Party Vibrancy and Democracy in Latin America. By Fernando Rosenblatt. New York: Oxford University Press, 2018. Pp. xiv + 280. $82.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9780190870041.

This essay reviews the following works:

Illegal Drugs, Drug Trafficking and Violence in Latin America. By Marcelo Bergman. Buenos Aires: Springer International, 2018. Pp. v + 170. $89.95 hardcover. ISBN: 9783319731520.

More Money, More Crime: Prosperity and Rising Crime in Latin America. By Marcelo Bergman. New York: Oxford University Press, 2018. Pp. vii + 392. $39.95 hardcover. ISBN: 9780190608774.

Tough on Crime: The Rise of Punitive Populism in Latin America. By Michelle D. Bonner. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2019. Pp. vii + 204. $40.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9780822945826.

Argentina’s Missing Bones: Revisiting the History of the Dirty War. By James P. Brennan. Oakland: University of California Press, 2018. Pp. xi + 195. $34.95 paperback. ISBN: 9780520297937.

Modernity at Gunpoint: Firearms, Politics, and Culture in Mexico and Central America. By Sophie Esch. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2018. Pp. vii + 284. $28.95 paperback. ISBN: 9780822965381.

A History of Political Murder in Latin America: Killing the Messengers of Change. By W. John Green. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2015. Pp. v + 360. $26.95 paperback. ISBN: 9781438456645.

Violence in Latin America and the Caribbean: Subnational Structures, Institutions, and Clientelistic Networks. Edited by Tina Hilgers and Laura Macdonald. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2017. Pp. v + 298. $99.99 hardcover. ISBN: 9781107193178.

Argentina Betrayed: Memory, Mourning, and Accountability. By Antonius C. G. M. Robben. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018. Pp. vii + 294. $65.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9780812250053.

Organized Crime, Drug Trafficking, and Violence in Mexico: The Transition from Felipe Calderón to Enrique Peña Nieto. By Jonathan D. Rosen and Roberto Zepeda. Lanham, MA: Lexington Books, 2016. Pp. vii + 158. $80.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9781498535601.