Brief introduction to applications of bacteria in food, petrochemicals, photonics, water purification and ecology.

Taking the European Union (EU) as a reference, this chapter critically examines the new landscape of ecolabelling and its relation to climate change. In particular, the focus is on the need to create a food environmental labelling that will play a fundamental role in future scenarios and also in business-to-consumer relations, in fulfilment of the objectives of the Paris Agreement, the United Nations (UN) Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development and the European Green Deal. To achieve climate sustainability it is necessary to design future instruments that are in line with obligations such as the nutritional Front of Pack Labelling, progressively extending ecolabelling from non-food to food products, thus guaranteeing adequate consumer information.

From the outset, food and the essay have shared a kinship, given that one of the original senses of the word ‘essai’ meant the ritual of tasting the French king’s food and drink. From metaphor to content, food has permeated the essay form; in turn, the essay became the vehicle for the emerging field of gastronomy. This chapter constellates several important moments of interaction between literal and literary taste, consumption and appetite, cultural criticism and culinary knowledge in essays by Michel Montaigne, Alexandre-Balthazar-Laurent Grimod de La Reynière, Jean-Anthelme Brillat-Savarin, William Kitchiner, Launcelot Sturgeon, Charles Lamb, William Makepeace Thackeray, and Elizabeth Robins Pennell. As cosmopolitan practices of discretionary dining became more widespread, these gastronomic essayistic writers often satirised the burgeoning bourgeoisie and their cultural milieu. Given its flexibility, the essay remains paramount to food writing, in its many forms and genres.

Children’s first words are remarkably consistent over languages and over time: They first talk about people (dada, mama), food (juice), body-parts (eye), clothing (sock), animals (dog), vehicles (car), toys (ball), household objects (key), routines (bye), and activities (uhoh, up). Their first productions emerge between 12 months and 24 months, and they attain some 50 words in production about 6 months later. Earlier claims about a vocabulary spurt may rather reflect increased motor skill that aids production. Do children learn to produce nouns before verbs? The proportions of nouns and verbs differ by context, e.g., toy play versus book reading. Spontaneous speech samples and parental checklists of vocabulary often differ. Overall, production lags behind comprehension. This leads to communicatively driven overextensions in production until 2;6 or so, as well as reliance on general purpose terms (do, go, that). As children add more words, they stop using earlier overextensions. Early word meanings are based on children’s existing conceptual and perceptual categories, based on their experience of the world so far. And as they take different perspectives, they begin to use of different words for the same referent (animal, dog, pug; do, mend).

The chapter focuses on the influence of French cuisine in Britain. The innovations of French courtly cuisine were frequently mocked in Britain which had its own tradition of sound and economical country house cooking. The Industrial Revolution brought a loss of cooking skills among the urban poor. The affluent benefitted from the flight of French chefs after the French Revolution, leading to the culinary pretensions of the (equally mocked) Regency period. French chefs set up French restaurants and cooking schools, popularising French cuisine, thus influencing the tastes of the middle classes and stimulating a range of gastronomical writings. Examples from Antony Trollope’s Vanity Fair, Virgina Woolf’s To the Lighthouse, Joseph Conrad’s The Secret Agent, Mike Leigh’s Life is Sweet, Peter Greenaway’s The Cook, the Thief, the Wife and Her Lover and Elizabeth David’s postwar books serve to gauge the extent of French infuence and help define what makes British food, British.

“As food increasingly disappeared from shops, market stalls, and restaurants, wartime shortages badly affected city life. By 1917, most Prague residents struggled to obtain basic food items; the city and its inhabitants were cold, due to coal shortages, and dirty, through lack of soap. The state’s rationing system proved insufficient to cover the needs of the population, leading to the blossoming of a black market. Discrepancies in access to food shaped new divisions. Prague was ‘ruralized’ as people grew vegetables in allotments and on balconies. Hungry city-dwellers went on trips to the countryside to purchase food. This new reliance on farmers subverted social hierarchies. An antagonism grew between Prague and the countryside, undermining the unity of the Czech nation. The association ‘The Czech Heart’ attempted to heal the rift by sending hungry Prague children to better-fed villages. Food provision shifted legitimacy away from the Austrian state to national organizations.”

Much of Swift’s work is informed by an interest in food, together with a sharp awareness of how it might be spoiled, adulterated, or withheld. This chapter investigates the degree to which Swift uses food as an index of honesty and generosity. In his writings, continental cookery is associated with moral and aesthetic perversity of a distinctly modern flavour. The chapter shows that, in both A Tale of a Tub and A Modest Proposal, the common sense associated with English Protestantism (and emblematised by pudding and roast meat) is pitted against modern, continental slipperiness (emblematised by food whose true identity is suppressed or withheld).

The goal of this chapter is to provide an overview of the Food, Nutrition and Health (FNH) focus area within the Cooperative Extension Service (CES), which includes discussing influential policy and legislation, demonstrating how this focus area has developed and evolved over time, and commenting on potential future directions. This chapter begins by providing information about US Federal legislation that established the CES, as well as other influential laws and policies that have impacted how it operates today. The discussion then moves to how the overarching vision, mission, and goals of FNH programming have remained constant over time, yet, how efforts, audiences, demographics, and methods of engagement have evolved. Such shifts have emerged alongside advancing research, evaluation tools, national guidelines and recommendations, and technology; and as FNH CES adapted to meet the changing needs of clientele. Changes in FNH CES programming also resulted from efforts to be more inclusive and equitable for audiences. Recommendations for future directions in light of current trends and projections in the field of FNH are provided.

Using consumption data, this chapter profiles in detail the arrival of China’s age of abundance, from improvements in diet, to clothing, housing, and transportation. It documents and establishes the arrival of China’s age of material abundance.

Children are faced with a rapidly changing world that is having a significant influence on their health and wellbeing. These changes include alterations to our food supply, new approaches to the marketing of food and other lifestyle factors that influence children’s food consumption. The early years represent a pivotal period in the establishment of food literacy – that is, dietary education, behaviours and preferences – when children are forming their tastes and preferences and are most receptive to health messages. Food literacy is a relatively recent concept that has emerged over the past decade (McManus et al., 2022), and early years settings, schools and caregivers are ideally placed to assist early years learners to develop positive attitudes towards, and knowledge about, healthy food. This is also relevant to schools because healthy children are better learners, and evidence suggests that a holistic approach to education that includes health and nutrition has wide-reaching benefits for children and educators.

Large numbers of different accounts are preserved in the archives which record many fascinating details about everyday life whether in the royal household (with particular items indicating various incidents), in trade, in ecclesiastical contexts. The price of items is also of interest, as well as the names and professions of those involved in making or transporting the items recorded.