Acute mania is a medical emergency and requires assiduous treatment to prevent significant risks to the individual, as well as effects on aspects of their psychosocial functioning. Hypomania has a similar clinical profile, with the absence of psychotic symptoms and disruption of functioning being the main factors differentiating it from mania. In this chapter we cover the key points in regard to clinical signs and management of mania and hypomania, predominantly focusing on pharmacological treatments. A number of national and international guidelines have covered this in depth, and we summarise their findings in this chapter. First-, second-, and third-line medication options for the acute phases are reviewed, while we also discuss combination strategies to address specific symptoms (e.g., agitation) and maintenance treatments aiming at relapse prevention and functional recovery.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is manifested by mood, behavioural, cognitive, and somatic symptoms. This is reflected in the diagnostic criteria of both DSM-5 and ICD-10. Differential diagnosis typically includes the consideration of other mood and psychiatric disorders, neurological, medical and genetic conditions, as well as bereavement. Diagnostic investigations are commonly combined with the evaluation of functioning since the vast majority of MDD patients experience functional impairment. Suicidality is a major challenge in the management of MDD. Rigorous risk assessment, minimisation of risk factors, and promotion of protective factors are essential in suicide prevention. Treatment strategies can be split into acute, continuation, and maintentance phases. Depending on depression severity and other specifiers (e.g., psychosis, risk) both pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy can be efficacious first-line treatment options. Switching or augmenting initial treatment can be considered for non-responders. For continuation and maintenance phases, the primary aim of treatement is prolonging remission, preventing episode recurrence, and restoring psychosocial functioning.

Almost all patients admitted to psychiatric intensive care units (PICUs) receive pharmacological interventions, and medications are often the major treatment intervention. PICU professional staff need to ensure that medication is used safely. This chapter discusses the common medications used in PICUs as well as their history, evidence base and adverse effects.

Almost all patients admitted to psychiatric intensive care units receive pharmacological interventions and medications are often the major treatment intervention. PICU professional staff need to ensure that medication is used safely. This chapter discusses the common medication used in PCUs, their history, evidence base and adverse effects.

Life history theory has revolutionized the study of the evolved life course both across and within species. Humans are no exception. Life history theory provides nuance to claims of human uniqueness in the tree of life, including among mammals, and among primates in particular. This chapter first explains how life history theory delivers optimal trait characteristics given trade-offs that are defined by costs and benefits of different “solutions” to fitness-relevant problems. It reviews the current understanding of the evolution of the human life course, and the chapter evaluates explanations of long postreproductive life spans in human populations. It then provides a framework for modeling how selection pressures in different socioecological settings could shape the flexible expression of demographic, physiological, and even psychological traits in our species. Special emphasis is placed on the role that exogenous mortality and environmental unpredictability (and their cues) play on shaping a number of behavioral and physiological traits related to survival. Claims certainly outpace definitive tests, but after a half century, since life history theory was first introduced to the human life sciences, promising new directions are expanding the breadth of topics covered beyond demography, using multiple methods and spanning diverse disciplines.

Although there have been attempts to make relationship science more diverse and inclusive, as it stands, the external sociocultural forces that impact relationships have not been at the forefront of research. We argue that romantic relationships cannot be divorced from the sociocultural context in which they exist. This chapter reviews the literature to explain the “context problem” faced by relationship science, highlighting the importance of including intersectional, context-driven research in the field. We then provide an overview of each chapter in the volume.

Readers of this chapter might be left with doubts whether England had a constitution in the fifteenth century and whether, if there was one, it underwent any significant change over the century. Difficulties in governing the realm, ambiguities about power and authority, and a fundamental lack of consensus about what constituted and who had a legitimate right to rule persisted from the opening years of the period through to its end. The only notable progress recounted here was in procedures and practices in parliament. This difficult century left England with a hunger for new assertions of power and authority in the succeeding one.1

Chapter 18 covers the licensing of commercial software, data and databases. It begins with a discussion of database protection, including the history of legislative attempts to cover data and databases under copyright law, and the divergent pathways taken in the US and EU. It next addresses commercial data and database licensing practices (MD Mark v. Kerr-McGee, Eden Hannon v. Sumitomo). The chapter next discusses data privacy and protection regulations and their implementation in licensing agreements. It next moves to commercial software licensing, discussing the distinctions between source and object code. and offering some background on the legal protection of computer software through copyright, patent and trade secret law. Particular software licensing practices are discussed next, including provisions necessary to license source code, maintenance and support obligations, reverse engineering restrictions. It concludes with a discussion of licensing in the cloud and how different companies have approached this business model.

Nikolay Slavkov experienced learning the languages of the Soviet bloc in Bulgaria. Beyond the Iron Curtain of the Cold War, he developed a passion for English and immigrated to China and then to Canada. Initially reticent about plurilingualism and translanguaging, he slowly opened up to multilingual classes and his own plurilingual children to propose a reflection on the destigmatization of bilingual and multilingual practices.

This chapter considers three sets of concrete benefits that flow from repair. First, repair helps consumers save money by extending the lifespan of products and fostering secondary markets. Second, repair lessens the massive environmental burden of modern consumerism, from the extraction of natural resources to the eventual disposal of the devices we buy. Finally, repair helps us grow and flourish as people. Through repair, we become better informed about the world around us, develop analytical and problem-solving skills, exercise greater autonomy, and build stronger communities.

Third party funding has long been recognised in several Western jurisdictions as an effective risk management tool that can curb the potential losses and soaring costs associated with large and complex judicial and arbitral proceedings.This is particularly true of investment arbitration which has seen a steady escalation in the quantum of claims and the costs of protracted proceedings over more complex disputes.The year 2017 marked a turning point in Asia through carefully crafted legislation for the financing of legal claims by third party funders in Hong Kong and Singapore.This chapter gives a practical overview of the legislation in both jurisdictions and its intended impact on the legal landscape.The consequential amendments to secondary rules within these jurisdictions are analysed, with a particular focus on Hong Kong and its position to mainland China.Practical considerations as to whether this change in the industry augurs well for the eventual extension of the practice beyond the realm of arbitration are also covered.Finally, several ethical issues are addressed that will feature in the operation of third-party funding in these jurisdictions such as disclosure, control and cost implications.

Whether hoping to lose 10 pounds, pay off debts, or write the next great novel, the process of goal pursuit forces us to embrace the factors that move us, confront the biases that shape our thinking, overcome the obstacles that impede our actions, and adapt our lifestyles to productive routines. Yet the journey does not end as we transition from goal attainment to goal maintenance. This chapter details the way we construe maintenance to prepare ourselves for long-term success as we face new challenges and embrace new opportunities.

This chapter describes how the transtheoretical model of behavior change (TTM) provides a framework to guide the development of tailored behavior change interventions. The TTM includes four critical concepts: stages of change to delineate critical motivational and behavior change tasks; processes of change to identify a multidimensional set of mechanisms individuals use to accomplish stage tasks and make change happen; context of change to identify contextual resources and problems that promote or hinder personal change; and markers of change that are used to track important decisional and self-efficacy dimensions related to movement through the process of change. The TTM has been used to develop interventions for pre-action and action-oriented stage tasks and offers a unique perspective for understanding how behavior changes. TTM constructs have been used and evaluated in diverse clinical and cultural settings with both mental and physical health conditions. There is substantial support for the constructs and for tailoring interventions using these constructs across multiple studies. This chapter offers concrete strategies from diverse intervention approaches that can be used to address the varied motivation and behavior change tasks represented by the stages of change. Finally, implications for prevention, treatment, and training are discussed.

Warfarin is highly effective in killing rats, and in the hands of the uneducated, is just as effective in killing humans. The author provides tips for getting it right every time, including how to initiate treatment, how to reverse its effects, and drug and food interactions to watch out for.

Marriage was often a way to contain the poverty of women and children and sometimes men.Men were expected to be the family breadwinners, earning enough to feed, clothe and house their wife and children.In reality, poorer women were always obliged to assist in supplementing or securing the family income, as were children. For many women, the desertion of a husband brought them and their children to destitution and they ended up in the workhouse.Desertion could occur at any point in a marriage, sometimes after a couple of days or even years later. The large number of newspaper notices placed by husbands cautioning the public that they would not pay any bills accumulated by their runaway wives testify to the way in which men and women took matters into their own hands to abandon a difficult marriage, without consulting a lawyer or, in many cases, their spouse.Sometimes spouses agreed to a desertion as a way of separating. The evolution of the law throughout the period saw the removal of legal constraints placed upon women granting them, for instance, greater property rights and economic autonomy.By the end of the nineteenth century, the law provided more substantial support to women who were deserted, or separated, particularly in the area of securing maintenance payments.