Weed management in California water-seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.) is challenging due to herbicide-resistant weeds. Research on additional herbicide options is necessary to control herbicide-resistant weeds. Pendimethalin is a dinitroaniline herbicide commonly used in dry-seeded rice; however, it is not registered in water-seeded rice. This study was conducted to determine the pendimethalin fate in water-seeded rice after application at 1-, 3-, and 5-leaf stage rice. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was utilized to quantify pendimethalin and degradants in the water, soil and rice seedling tissue at 1, 5, and 14 days after treatment. Over 50% of recovered pendimethalin was observed in the rice tissue and over 25% in the soil and least observed in the water at all application timings and sampling dates. Three pendimethalin degradants were observed at low concentrations: p36 [1-(1-ethylpropyl)-5,6-dimethyl-7-nitro-1H-benximidazole], p44 [4-[(1-ethylpropyl) amino]-2-methyl-3,5-ditrobenzoic acid] and p48 [4,5-dimethyl-3-nitro-N2-(pentan-3-yl) benzene-1,2-diamine]. The degradant p36 was observed in all samples and most abundant in the soil. The degradants p36 and p44 increased in concentration in the water by 14 days after treatment. The degradants p44 and p48 were at low concentrations or below the lowest level of quantification in water, soil, and tissue samples. The pendimethalin parent molecule remained intact and was not readily metabolized in rice tissue. The crown region and shoots of the rice seedlings demonstrated greater pendimethalin concentrations compared to the roots at all rice stages; however, pendimethalin concentrations remained similar across the three sample timings. Rice root and shoot reduction was 16 and 13%, respectively, after the 1-leaf stage application averaged over sample timings, and 6 and 4% after the 5-leaf stage application. The results suggest the rice stage at the application timing is an important factor for pendimethalin tolerance; therefore, encouraging early root development can be beneficial for pendimethalin tolerance in water-seeded rice.

This study intends to provide a comprehensive review of the basic concepts, types, applications, and experimental studies of frequency selective rasorber (FSR) presented in the literature. Analyzing the characteristics of FSR became crucial for future adaptability when taking into consideration of immense development in RADAR, military, stealth, and electromagnetic interference applications. The rasorber was initially conceived as a radome for antennas and it was developed expeditiously in recent years. This survey is focused on evaluating the unit cell design (2D, 2.5D, and 3D), equivalent circuit model, polarization characteristics, fractional bandwidth, insertion loss, absorptivity, bandwidth enhancement for absorption, transmission, and their applications based on the FSR. Various techniques like exploiting lumped elements, magnetic materials, lumped components, dual/triple layer structures, varactor diodes, PIN diodes, and distributed elements (slots and stubs) are used to improve the novelty and performance of the FSR that are discussed in the works of literature. At last, these techniques, bandwidth, structures, and performances are compared based on their relative positions to feature the benefits and limitations.

Microplastic pollution has become a global environmental challenge, with significant impacts on ecosystems and human health. Microbes have emerged as a promising tool in the combating against microplastic contamination. However, the complex relationship between microbes and microplastics presents both opportunities and challenges, leading to a nuanced understanding of their applications in degradation. This paper provides critical insights into the multifaceted roles of different microorganisms in microplastic degradation. It begins by highlighting the ‘good’ aspects, where several strains of microorganisms show the potential to break down microplastics through enzymatic activities and the formation of biofilms. Conversely, the ‘bad’ aspects of microbial involvement in microplastic degradation are examined. Microorganisms can facilitate the transport and bioaccumulation of microplastics in various ecosystems, potentially exacerbating their harmful effects. The ‘ugly’ side of microplastic degradation includes the production of harmful byproducts during microbial breakdown, raising concerns about secondary pollution and toxicity. The concept of plastisphere is discussed in this context, focusing on the phototrophs, photoheterotrophs and heterotrophs. Novel technologies involving microbial degradation of microplastics are also explained. The work emphasises the need for a comprehensive and balanced approach regarding the application of microorganisms in microplastic degradation and remediation.

The frequency, v, for O-D stretching in D2O films between the superimposed layers of different micas and montmorillonites was measured at several film thicknesses and temperatures of 2° and 25°C by infrared spectroscopy. The molar absorptivity, ε, for O-D stretching in HDO films between the montmorillonite layers was also measured at different film thicknesses and 25°C. It was found that v is related to mw/mm, the mass ratio of D2O to mica or montmorillonite, by the equation v = v0 exp β/(mwmm where v0 is the O-D stretching frequency in pure D2O and ß is a constant. Since mw/mm is proportional to a, the area under the absorption peak, mw/mm can be replaced by a in this equation. It was also found that ε decreased dramatically as the thickness of the water film between the montmorillonite layers decreased. These results were interpreted to mean that the structure of the interlayer water is perturbed by the interlayer cations and/or silicate surfaces.

Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum L.) is an invasive aquatic plant that can hybridize with the native northern watermilfoil (M. sibiricum Kom.). These milfoil hybrids (M. spicatum × M. sibiricum) are becoming more prevalent in many lakes where the invasive and the native milfoil co-occur. Hybrid plants are more vigorous than either parent with a faster growth rate and lower sensitivity to some herbicides. The aquatic herbicides endothall and 2,4-D provide two effective modes of action for management of the hybrids. For more than a decade, these two herbicides have been used in combination as an effective control option and a resistance management strategy. How this combination impacts herbicide movement and efficacy is unknown. Therefore, the objective of this research was to determine the activity of endothall and 2,4-D combined compared with activity applied alone. Absorption and translocation of endothall, 2,4-D, and the combination was determined in hybrid plants over a 96-h time course. Endothall accumulation was not impacted when these herbicides were applied in combination; however, 2,4-D accumulation increased by 80%, relative to when 2,4-D was applied alone. Endothall translocation from shoots to roots decreased by almost 50% when applied in combination with 2,4-D (alone = 16.7% ± 2.6%; combination = 9.2% ± 1.2%). Shoot-to-root translocation of 2,4-D also decreased when the two herbicides were applied in combination (24.8% ± 2.6% when applied alone to only 3.93% ± 0.4% when in the presence of endothall). This research demonstrates that combining herbicides can significantly impact herbicide activity in plants. Future research is needed to determine whether this reduced translocation negatively impacts operational effectiveness when these herbicides are applied in combination.

The reduction of hexavalent chromium species in aqueous solutions by interaction with Fe(II)-bearing solid surfaces was studied using a 0.96 × l0−3 M Cr(VI) solution and iron-rich clays with different Fe(II)/Fe(III) ratios, layer charge, and exchange properties, i.e., chlorite, corrensite, and montmorillonite. Experimental studies demonstrated that Fe(II)-bearing phyllosilicates reduce aqueous Cr(VI) ions at acidic pH. Chlorite and corrensite, owing to the high Fe(II)/Fe(III) ratio, are electrochemically reactive, as rapid Cr(VI) reduction indicated. In contrast, montmorillonite showed minimum to nil reactivity towards Cr(VI). Furthermore, corrensite, which is high in both Fe(II)/Fe(III) ratio and exchange capacity, adsorbs the greatest amount of chromium.

X-ray absorption spectroscopy at Al, Mg, Fe, and Cr K-edges was used to investigate the adsorbed chromium species. The montmorillonite sample, unaffected by treatment with Cr(VI) solution, displays no change at any investigated edge. Edge shape and energy also do not change for the Mg and Al spectra in corrensite, and changes are minor in chlorite. By contrast, the Fe K-edge changes both in chlorite and corrensite, and indicates an increase of Fe(III) in treated samples at the expense of pre-existing Fe(II). Cr K-edge spectra show that chlorite and corrensite sorb Cr(III), which implies its reduction from Cr(VI) in the interacting solution.

Clay minerals, such as layered double hydroxide (LDH) and montmorillonite (MMT), have attracted a great deal of attention for biological applications. Along with the rapid development of nanotechnology, public concern about the potential toxicity of nanoparticles is growing. In the present work, cytotoxicity of LDH and MMT was assessed in terms of inhibition of cell proliferation, generation of oxidative stress, and induction of inflammation response. Moreover, the biokinetics of LDH and MMT were evaluated; biokinetics provides information about in vivo absorption, distribution, and excretion kinetics. The results demonstrated that both LDH and MMT inhibited cell proliferation at relatively large concentrations and after long exposure time compared to other inorganic nanoparticles, although they generated reactive oxygen species (ROS). LDH induced pro-inflammatory cytokines in a size-dependent manner. Biokinetic study revealed that, after single-dose oral administration to mice, both LDH and MMT had extremely slow oral rates of absorption and did not accumulate in any specific organ. All the results suggest great potential of clay minerals for biological application at safe levels.

Menaquinone-7 (MK-7), a multipotent vitamin K2, possesses a wide range of biological activities, a precise curative effect and excellent safety. A simple and rapid LC-APCI-MS/MS method for the determination of MK-7 in human plasma with single liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) extraction and 4·5-min analysis time has been developed and validated. Four per cent bovine serum albumin (BSA) was used as surrogate matrix for standard curves and endogenous baseline subtraction. This method was reproducible and reliable and was used to analyse of MK-7 in human plasma. The endogenous circadian rhythm and bioavailability of MK-7 were investigated in two randomised single-dose, open, one-way clinical trials (Study I and Study II). A total of five healthy male subjects were enrolled in Study I and 12 healthy male subjects in Study II. Single-dose (1 mg) of MK-7 was given to each subject under fasting condition, and all eligible subjects were given a restricting VK2 diet for 4 d prior to drug administration and during the trial. The experiment results of Study I demonstrated that endogenous MK-7 has no circadian rhythm in individuals. Both studies showed MK-7 are absorbed with peak plasma concentrations at about 6 h after intake and has a very long half-life time.

We consider a one-dimensional superprocess with a supercritical local branching mechanism $\psi$, where particles move as a Brownian motion with drift $-\rho$ and are killed when they reach the origin. It is known that the process survives with positive probability if and only if $\rho<\sqrt{2\alpha}$, where $\alpha=-\psi'(0)$. When $\rho<\sqrt{2 \alpha}$, Kyprianou et al. [18] proved that $\lim_{t\to \infty}R_t/t =\sqrt{2\alpha}-\rho$ almost surely on the survival set, where $R_t$ is the rightmost position of the support at time t. Motivated by this work, we investigate its large deviation, in other words, the convergence rate of $\mathbb{P}_{\delta_x} (R_t >\gamma t+\theta)$ as $t \to \infty$, where $\gamma >\sqrt{2 \alpha} -\rho$, $\theta \ge 0$. As a by-product, a related Yaglom-type conditional limit theorem is obtained. Analogous results for branching Brownian motion can be found in Harris et al. [13].

The rates of dietary protein digestion and absorption can be significantly increased or decreased by food processing treatments such as heating, gelling and enzymatic hydrolysis, with subsequent metabolic impacts, e.g. on muscle synthesis and glucose homeostasis.

This review examines in vivo evidence that industrial and domestic food processing modify the kinetics of amino acid release and absorption following a protein-rich meal. It focuses on studies that used compositionally-matched test meals processed in different ways.

Food processing at extremely high temperature at alkaline pH and/or in the presence of reducing sugars can modify amino acid sidechains, leading to loss of bioavailability. Some protein-rich food ingredients are deliberately aggregated, gelled or hydrolysed during manufacture. Hydrolysis accelerates protein digestion/absorption and increases splanchnic utilisation. Aggregation and gelation may slow or accelerate proteolysis in the gut, depending on the aggregate/gel microstructure.

Milk, beef and eggs are heat processed prior to consumption to eliminate pathogens and improve palatability. The temperature and time of heating affect protein digestion and absorption rates, and effects are sometimes non-linear. In light of a dietary transition away from animal proteins, more research is needed on how food processing affects digestion and absorption of non-animal proteins.

Food processing modifies the microstructure of protein-rich foods, and thereby alters protein digestion and absorption kinetics in the stomach and small intestine. Exploiting this principle to optimise metabolic outcomes requires more human clinical trials in which amino acid absorption rates are measured and food microstructure is explicitly considered, measured and manipulated.

Hydrilla [Hydrilla verticillata (L. f.) Royle] is often called the “perfect aquatic weed,” as it has numerous physiological adaptations that make it highly aggressive and competitive. Hydrilla verticillata has historically been managed effectively using fluridone; however, the overreliance on this single mechanism of action (MOA) resulted in evolved fluridone resistance in the late 1990s. Where fluridone-resistant H. verticillata populations evolved, endothall became widely used for H. verticillata control. In 2018, florpyrauxifen-benzyl, a highly active auxin-mimic herbicide, was registered for H. verticillata control, and its use has increased since its introduction. Endothall and florpyrauxifen-benzyl provide two effective MOAs for H. verticillata management, and combining these two MOAs would be an effective strategy to delay further resistance evolution. The objective of this research was to determine whether combining endothall and florpyrauxifen-benzyl would significantly impact the behavior of either herbicide in dioecious (DHV) or monoecious (MHV) H. verticillata compared with their behavior when applied alone. Endothall and florpyrauxifen-benzyl absorption and accumulation alone and in combination were measured over a 192-h time course. Translocation patterns were also determined. Herbicide accumulation in MHV and DHV was not impacted when these herbicides were applied in combination. Endothall translocation from shoots to roots in DHV was not impacted (alone = 18.7 ± 1.4%; combination = 23.2 ± 2.2%); however, endothall shoot-to-root translocation in MHV was reduced from 16.2 ± 1.3% applied alone to 2.2 ± 0.1% when applied in combination with florpyrauxifen-benzyl. Florpyrauxifen-benzyl shoot-to-root translocation was reduced in both MHV and DHV when applied in combination with endothall. Florpyrauxifen-benzyl translocation was reduced by 16- and 6-fold in DHV and MHV, respectively. These data do not suggest that there would be operational impacts from endothall and florpyrauxifen-benzyl mixtures. Still, there appear to be changes in herbicide behavior, primarily shoot-to-root translocation, when these two herbicides are applied in combination.