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Personal recovery is a persisting concern for people with psychotic disorders. Accordingly, mental health services have adopted frameworks of personal recovery, prioritizing adaptation to psychosis alongside symptom remission. Group acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) for psychosis aims to promote personal recovery alongside improved mood and quality of life.
Aims:
The objectives of this uncontrolled, prospective pilot study were to determine whether ‘Recovery ACT’ groups for adults are a feasible, acceptable and safe program within public mental health services, and assess effectiveness through measuring changes in personal recovery, wellbeing, and psychological flexibility.
Method:
Program feasibility, acceptability and safety indicators were collected from referred consumers (n=105). Adults (n=80) diagnosed with psychotic disorders participated in an evaluation of ‘Recovery ACT’ groups in Australian community public mental health services. Participants completed pre- and post-group measures assessing personal recovery, wellbeing, and psychological flexibility.
Results:
Of 101 group enrollees, 78.2% attended at least one group session (n=79); 73.8% attended three or more, suggesting feasibility. Eighty of 91 first-time attendees participated in the evaluation. Based on completer analyses (n=39), participants’ personal recovery and wellbeing increased post-group. Outcome changes correlated with the linear combination of psychological flexibility measures.
Conclusions:
‘Recovery ACT’ groups are feasible, acceptable and safe in Australian public mental health services. ‘Recovery ACT’ may improve personal recovery, wellbeing, and psychological flexibility. Uncontrolled study design, completer analyses, and program discontinuation rates limit conclusions.
The objective of the present study was to investigate changes in the structural, textural, and surface properties of tubular halloysite under heating, which are significant in the applications of halloysite as functional materials but have received scant attention in comparison with kaolinite. Samples of a purified halloysite were heated at various temperatures up to 1400°C, and then characterized by X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, thermal analysis, and nitrogen adsorption. The thermal decomposition of halloysite involved three major steps. During dehydroxylation at 500–900°C, the silica and alumina originally in the tetrahedral and octahedral sheets, respectively, were increasingly separated, resulting in a loss of long-range order. Nanosized (5–40 nm) γ-Al2O3 was formed in the second step at 1000–1100°C. The third step was the formation of a mullite-like phase from 1200 to 1400°C and cristobalite at 1400°C. The rough tubular morphology and the mesoporosity of halloysite remained largely intact as long as the heating temperature was <900°C. Calcination at 1000°C led to distortion of the tubular nanoparticles. Calcination at higher temperatures caused further distortion and then destruction of the tubular structure. The formation of hydroxyl groups on the outer surfaces of the tubes during the disconnection and disordering of the original tetrahedral and octahedral sheets was revealed for the first time. These hydroxyl groups were active for grafting modification by an organosilane (γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane), pointing to some very promising potential uses of halloysite for ceramic materials or as fillers for novel clay-polymer nanocomposites.
While psychotherapy is an essential aspect of the treatment of depression, there are few studies focusing on the effectiveness of psychoanalytic and psychodynamic group therapies for depressed patients.
Objectives
In this presentation, we will study the effects of a brief, 4-session psychodynamic intervention (BPI) led by a group of therapists, as inspired by the Lausanne model.
Methods
The patients were recruited in a therapeutic setting. A free consent form was completed and the ethics of research explained to each participant. Our sample consisted of 32 patients (average age = 43.81 years, sex ratio: 1M/ 4F). The therapists gathered data by completing several assessment scales after each therapy session: MADRS, ESM, EFP, HAQ-IT, EDICODE, Counter-Transfer Scale. The SPPS software (V21) was used to analyze the data.
Results
The patients’ mean MADRS score dropped by more than 11 after the four sessions. This improvement matches a more positive and committed self-reported counter-transference of the therapists towards the patients. As their insight increases, patients show greater behavioral and psychic activity. We name this exit of the depressive inhibition the “unfreezing” process. It enables more satisfactory human interactions and a more focused and structured self-narrative.
Conclusions
BPI led by a group of therapists seem to be an effective therapeutic adjuvant in the “unfreezing” of the psychic processes in depressive patients. Our results point out the importance of jointly aiming at symptomatic improvement and therapeutic alliance.
Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is an equal method of treating patients with end stage renal disease ( ESRD). The patients are left to themselves in the new situation. The psychiatrist recognizes their needs and through group therapy enables them to heal quality intrapsychic conflicts.
Objectives
The study analized data on the intensity of depression, anxiety of an individual patient respectively, but also of his family member (caregiver) too. The control questionnaires are foreseen for both groups one year after group therapy participation. The assumption is that symptoms of depression and anxiety will be less expressed with group support by the psychiatrist.
Methods
Two questionnaires were used: Hamilton’s rating scale for depression and Hamilton’s anxiety rating scale and identical questionnaires for member of the family caring for the patients. 13 patients who accepted group therapy were examined in our institution. They were of different gender and age, mean age 53±13.46 mini-max 25-72 years.
Results
Average months of dialysis duration 29.15±21.84 min-max 6-84 Dialysis was performed without an assistant but with some help n 13( 100%) from the patient. They describe ailments from anxiety (30.77%) and depression ( 38.46% ) which they did not have premorbidly, and feel rejected on the emotional sphere, although not on the part of organic medicine.
Conclusions
Emphasis is placed on the emotional state and needs of the patient with severe physical ailments, in other words, demanding treatment methods, as well as the importance of emotional support from family members without whom these patients would have a poorer quality of life.
This chapter discusses social theories. Although personal theories known as evolutionary theories, network theories, stimulus evaluation theories, response evaluation theories, and psychological constructionist theories already accept that emotions take place in a social context, the personal mechanisms that they propose seem ultimately inadequate to account for the complexity inherent in social interactions with multiple interaction partners and across time. This has inspired the birth of social extensions of personal theories, called social theories. Social theories have added the following social mechanisms to the mechanistic toolbox: emotional contagion, social appraisal, direct relation alignment, and distributed forms of social appraisal and goal-directed processes. The chapter also presents a taxonomy of behavior in social contexts with dichotomies such as social vs. non-social, coarse vs. subtle, direct vs. indirect, communicative vs. non-communicative, intentional vs. unintentional, and stimulus-driven vs. goal-directed. The addition of social (e.g., communicative) behavior increases the power of the goal-directed theory to account for the apparent irrationality of emotions.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is often a chronic disorder characterised by uncontrollable, reoccurring thoughts (obsessions), and/or behaviours (compulsions). Accumulating evidence suggests that metacognitive beliefs may underlie many of the processes implicated in the formation and perpetuation of OCD. Metacognitive therapy (MCT) for OCD aims to modify these maladaptive metacognitive beliefs and processes to treat this debilitating disorder. The current study examines the outcome of a pilot trial of MCT for OCD in 26 (17 females; 9 males) adults (18–64 years) referred to a specialist outpatient service. Results were promising, with significant decreases in OCD and depression symptoms, which were maintained at the 3-month follow-up. The improvement in Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale scores between pre-treatment and follow-up in the completer sample (n=22) was large (d=1.29), and comparable to outcomes of well-established treatments. These encouraging results add to early empirical support for the effectiveness of group MCT as an OCD treatment alternative, as well as reinforcing the role of metacognitions contributing to this disorder.
This chapter explores the cleaners’ relationships and interactions within their microcosm. It examines how cleaners show little interest in defining themselves as one group and articulating common interests. Friendships and coalitions as well as divisions and strife characterize the cleaners’ microcosm. Cleaners form alliances and divisions as they seek to establish a status hierarchy, by creating and enforcing markers of difference. These markers range from age, gender and ethnicity to fashion, cultural tastes and educational backgrounds. Some are subtle, some are stark. But despite these differentiations, a sense of equivalence persists, posing a threat to any sense of specialness. It is a negative equivalence of belonging to a stigmatized group of “anyones”. Cleaners wish to believe that their work and their presence are on some level unique and valued as such, that they are not interchangeable and replaceable; and to fortify their sense of worth they resort to the creation and enforcement of status hierarchies. Such constructions all too often rest on the most fragile of foundations, and the risk of collapse plays no small role in cleaners’ dramas of dignity.
This chapter describes and analyzes how British pluralists in the early twentieth century critiqued the fusion of nationality and statehood that had hitherto provided a conceptual foundation for political science, and how their critique exposed the discipline to the problem of social order. The chapter also treats the contemporary critical reception of British pluralism in America.
This Introduction frames the context of the interdisciplinary working group that examined the role of malingering in health and social policy in 2019-2020. The Symposium Issue here is the result of the group’s time, energy, and analysis.
The Cognitive Disorders Unit carries out sessions of Psychoeducational Groups (PG) for caregivers of patients diagnosed with cognitive impairment (CI). The aim is to educate about the disease, improve the caregiver’s self-care and learn how to take better care of the sick.
Objectives
Analyze the profile of the caregivers that participate in PG and assess changes in their psychological state.
Methods
Subjects: 110 caregivers of patients diagnosed with mild-moderate CI who have participated in PG. Methodology: sociodemographic data of the caregiver and patient are collected. The following scales are passed: General-Health-Questionnaire (GHQ-12), Global-Deterioration-Scale, Barthel-Index. 5 sessions of 90 minutes are carried out every fortnight. An opinion questionnaire and the GHQ-12 are administered at the end of the sessions.
Results
86% of caregivers are women: 37% spouses and 55% daughters; mean age 57; 92% of patients live with the caregiver. 62% of caregivers present some kind of psychological disorder that is significantly reduced (p=0,0003) after some sessions. After PG: 65% of caregivers are able to further enjoy their daily activities 46% improve concentration capacity 42% improve sleeping and mood. Opinion Questionnaire Results: 98% of caregivers are satisfied with the activities, the topics addressed and their applicability.
Conclusions
The participants in PG were mostly daughters of patients, with average age 57, and living in the same household. Participation in PG improves the information and skills of caregivers, and reduces psychological disorders by improving their mood, their ability to concentrate, their quality of sleep and enjoyment of daily activities.
The Covid-19 pandemic has limited the classic psychotherapy treatment. EAP provided temporary recommendations for online psychotherapy in March of 2020 which brought new possibilities and limitations and contains rules, ethics and techniques. From the perspective of a psychodynamic therapist, the specificity of online group psychotherapy in the context of strong stressors is described.
Objectives
During the “lockdown” period and the earthquakes that occurred simultaneously in Zagreb in March of 2020, the secure Internet platform enabled the continuity of the group’s work in a video link modality.
Methods
Online group had regular weekly meetings which lasted 1.5 hours. The classic rules of group analytical therapy were adapted to the new setting in virtual space. A risk assessment was also performed.
Results
The six group members and therapist have connected online through more freedom, developed new levels of sensitivity, flexibility and creativity. They have also accepted limitations. The online group is able to provide holding, but deeper connections require a physical presence to exchange emotions that technology interferes with as well as the process of empathizing. Previous live sessions crucial to maintaining emotional connections have served as reservoirs for a period in which communication over the Internet was insufficient.
Conclusions
Internet technology can temporarily enable the continuity of a group psychotherapy. Technical and institutional support is recommended. The advantages of technology can be used if the technique is adapted, realistic goals set, and clinical limitations accepted. Many questions about the possibilities of “online psychotherapy” are open and unexplored.
Evidence supports the use of group therapy for symptom reduction and improving functioning in people with psychosis. However, research guidelines highlight the importance of establishing the feasibility of interventions. Adherence is an important indicator of feasibility and an essential step in supporting the development of the evidence base for group interventions. This review aims to estimate adherence, and possible barriers and facilitators, to psychotherapeutic groups in people with psychosis.
Methods
Embase, Ovid MEDLINE and PsycINFO databases were searched for cross-referencing terms related to group therapy and psychosis. Studies were assessed against inclusion criteria and methodological quality was evaluated. Data wasextracted from each paper including the average session attendance, demographic, clinical, study and therapy-related characteristics and the impact of these on adherence levels evaluated.
Results
Fifty-nine original research papers were included, reporting on 52 independent studies which consisted of 66 therapy groups comprised of 2109 participants. Average adherence was 76.4% (s.d. = 17.4). Adherence was improved by receiving incentives and was higher in participants of older age. Study sample size was inversely associated with adherence levels. Study quality was variable with approximately 61.5% found to be at risk of bias. The results support the feasibility of group therapy and suggest that adherence in people with psychosis is not dissimilar to those for people experiencing common mental health difficulties. These findings, alongside efficacy evidence, support the use of group interventions in people with psychosis but also highlight the need for further high-quality research on the efficacy for these approaches.
This chapter introduces the book and the questions which it asks: how individuals took part in the Panathenaia, why participating in these festivities called ‘all-Athenian’ was so important and how doing so created identities for the individuals and groups involved. It provides some basic information about the celebration and its history, as well as a discussion of previous scholarship. Then it introduces some key concepts and approaches used in the study: the importance of sacrifice, ritual and community and the ways in which social identities are created for individuals and groups. It discusses problems of the evidence for the Panathenaia, and it ends with a summary of the overall monograph.
Whilst the delivery of low-intensity group psychoeducation is a key feature of the early steps of the Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) programme, there is little consensus regarding the skills and competencies demanded.
Aims:
To identify the competencies involved in facilitating CBT-based group psychoeducation in order to inform future measure development.
Method:
A Delphi study in which participants (n = 36) were relevant IAPT stakeholders and then an expert panel (n = 8) review of the competencies identified within the Delphi study to create a shortened, more practical list of competencies.
Results:
After three consultation rounds, consensus was reached on 36 competencies. These competencies were assigned to four main categories: group set-up, content, process and closure. A further expert review produced a shortened 16-item set of psychoeducation group facilitation competencies.
Conclusions:
The current study has produced a promising framework for assessing facilitator competency in delivering CBT-based group psychoeducational interventions. Weaknesses in the Delphi approach are noted and directions for future measure development research are identified.
Sexual minorities, including those identifying as lesbian, gay, bisexual or queer (LGBQ) are at heightened risk of experiencing mental health problems. Nationally, treatment outcomes within England’s Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) services are worse for sexual minority patients than for heterosexuals. An IAPT service in London developed a cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) group specifically for sexual minority patients to provide a safe, affirmative intervention to learn skills for overcoming depression, anxiety and stress. A qualitative online survey was emailed to all 59 service users who had completed the eight-session intervention, to explore their experiences inductively. Survey data were analysed using qualitative content analysis. Themes were identified in participants’ responses in order to establish which aspects of the group intervention were deemed to be helpful and unhelpful, and to explore suggestions for group improvement. Eighteen people completed the survey (response rate 30.5%). Respondents reported that they found the CBT frame of the group useful, with the LGBQ focus experienced as particularly beneficial, often enhancing engagement with CBT concepts and tools. In addition to generic elements of group therapy that some found difficult, others reported that intragroup diversity, such as generational differences, could lead to a reduced sense of connection. Several suggestions for group improvement were made, including incorporating more diverse perspectives and examples in session content and focusing more on issues relating to intersectionality. These results provide preliminary evidence that a culturally adapted CBT group intervention developed specifically for sexual minorities is acceptable and perceived as offering something unique and helpful.
Key learning aims
(1) To identify the unique experiences and particular mental health disparities that LGBQ people face in life and why a culturally adapted LGBQ CBT group offers both a necessary and unique therapeutic tool to support sexual minorities.
(2) To explore how a culturally adapted CBT group intervention for LGBQ people is experienced in practice, from the service user perspective. In particular, what aspects do LGBQ people find helpful, unhelpful and what might they suggest for future group improvement.
(3) To consider how such CBT groups may be culturally adapted to benefit sexual minorities, including: what actions should be taken in future clinical practice to ensure improvements in the psychological treatment experiences of LGBQ people. Specifically, including the need to incorporate more inclusive and intersectional examples that engage and support recovery from psychological distress.
Co-morbid mental health diagnoses present challenges for services structured to provide disorder-specific models of treatment, such as those structured around Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT). Intolerance of uncertainty (IU) has been identified as both disorder specific and transdiagnostic, although little research explores transdiagnostic approaches to treatment of IU alone. A cognitive behavioural therapy treatment targeting IU previously established for individual therapy was adapted for a group within an IAPT primary care service: the ‘Making Friends with Uncertainty’ (MFWU) group. Twenty patients presenting with symptoms of a range of disorders including generalised anxiety disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder and depression completed the intervention in three groups. Measures of IU, anxiety and depression administered in the first and final sessions of the group have been analysed as well as examining common themes in participant feedback and facilitators’ own reflections. The results showed that nine participants (45%) showed reliable change in IU following the group and 16 (80%) showed reliable change on a measure of depression or anxiety. A thematic analysis identified universality, tolerance and acceptance and the manifestation of IU in the group process as key. The results suggest that the MFWU group provides an effective and feasible option for individuals presenting to IAPT services, including those reporting co-morbid difficulties. Implications for future practice are discussed as iteration and evaluation of the framework and content will continue.
Key learning aims
(1) To gain an overview of a transdiagnostic model of IU.
(2) To develop understanding of a group intervention for building tolerance to uncertainty.
(3) To describe some group processes observed and learn from the delivery of a transdiagnostic group intervention.
(4) To consider applications of transdiagnostic treatment in a group setting in IAPT.
(5) To understand how to structure a group treatment for IU, and which factors to consider.
Although research evidence supports the efficacy of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for anxiety in children, it is important to examine practice-based evidence of effectiveness in typical clinical contexts. This study evaluated a CBT group intervention – ‘Anxiety Gremlins’ – for childhood anxiety. Participants were 36 children (19 boys, 17 girls) aged 8–13, referred for anxiety symptoms at a UK NHS service. The 8-session intervention included six child sessions (2 h) and two parent sessions (1 h). Self-report outcome measures of anxiety symptoms, life functioning and therapeutic relationships were used to measure change pre- and post-intervention. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with group facilitators and analysed through deductive content analysis to identify barriers and facilitators to change. No substantive differences were found between aggregated scores on pre- versus post-intervention outcome measures. Reliable change in anxiety symptoms was identified in 10 children (31%), with five improvers and five deteriorators. Interviews with facilitators identified disruption in group flow, lack of facilitator time to prepare and reflect, and the complexity of clients as hindering factors. Children meeting like-minded peers to share their stories and high engagement in the therapeutic process were helpful factors. Anxiety Gremlins did not demonstrate effectiveness on outcome measures, and this contrasted with clinical opinion. Recommendations were made for the service to revisit the intervention content and the method for recruiting children to the group – as complexity/co-morbidity was linked to poorer outcomes. Future research could explore fidelity to an adapted intervention and include interviews with children and their parents.
Key learning aims
After reading this paper the reader should be able to:
(1) Understand how instances of CBT practice can be robustly evaluated using a mixed-methods approach, including analyses of change at both group and individual levels.
(2) Understand critical considerations when adapting ‘evidence-based’ CBT interventions for routine practice.
(3) Appreciate that aggregative group-level analyses can mask clinically important differences in individual CBT outcomes.
A large existing literature points to a cooperative advantage within groups: if individuals share a common group identity, they tend to work together, based on a common sense of trust, extended to all group members even if they are strangers otherwise. This group-based trust appears to be naturally occurring whenever a shared group identity is commonly known among group members and salient to them. The argument is made that this group-based trust can serve as an effective substitute for more generalized feelings of trust (in “most people”) to support collective action on a similarly large scale. The concept of Islam as a group identity is developed, in contrast to traditional definitions of Islam as a personal faith, and an argument is made that regular participation in religious group activities should be used as anindicator for this Islamic identity. The empirical distinction between personal religiosity and religious identity is illustrated in data from Turkey and across the Muslim world. In addition, the validity of group activities as an indicator of Islamic identity and in-group trust is tested and confirmed.
We shall define a general notion of dimension, and study groups and rings whose interpretable sets carry such a dimension. In particular, we deduce chain conditions for groups, definability results for fields and domains, and show that a pseudofinite
$\widetilde {\mathfrak M}_c$
-group of finite positive dimension contains a finite-by-abelian subgroup of positive dimension, and a pseudofinite group of dimension 2 contains a soluble subgroup of dimension 2.
High rates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are documented within refugee populations. Although research supports effectiveness of trauma-focused cognitive behaviour therapy (TF-CBT) among Western populations, little research exists for its efficacy among refugees living in camps and settlements in developing nations.
Aims:
To investigate whether a culturally sensitive, group-based TF-CBT programme (EMPOWER) delivered in a Ugandan refugee settlement effectively reduced refugees’ post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), and whether sociodemographic factors, trauma characteristics, or PTSS severity related to programme completion or treatment outcomes.
Method and Results:
Data linkages were conducted on information provided by 174 Congolese refugees living in a Ugandan settlement (mean age = 33.4 years, SD = 11.7; 49% male). Using a quasi-experimental design, participants who initially completed the intervention (n = 43) delivered across nine 90-minute sessions, reported significant reductions in self-reported PTSS with a large effect size. The delayed treatment group (n = 55) also reported significant treatment gains once they received the intervention. Participants who completed the programme reported significantly greater initial PTSS severity than those who dropped out, while no sociodemographic factors, trauma characteristics or PTSS were associated with better treatment outcomes.
Discussion:
A culturally sensitive, group-based TF-CBT programme delivered in a refugee settlement meaningfully reduces refugees’ PTSS severity and is equally effective for all participants, with the highest retention rates found among those in greatest need of treatment. Programmes such as this, with capacity to treat hundreds of people simultaneously, represent highly cost-effective, accessible, disseminable and effective treatment for PTSS among refugees living in humanitarian settings in developing nations.