This chapter starts out with a short introduction to the language of nonassociative algebras over commutative rings. It then proceeds to familiarize the reader with two of the most important elementary techniques utilized in this book: scalar extensions (also known as base change) and finitely generated projective modules. Standard properties of involutions and quadratic maps are also recalled before we conclude the chapter with a short introduction into Roby’s theory (1963) of polynomial laws.

This chapter introduces the basic concepts of electroencephalography (EEG) and creates a foundation for further concepts. EEGs are graphical representations of continuous synaptic activity occurring in the pyramidal neurons within the superficial cortical surfaces. The EEG shows an arrangement of channels, each consisting of two electrodes, that record electrical potentials from the underlying cortex and display it in the form of waveforms. The appearance of each waveform is governed by three simple rules of polarity. Electrodes are small circular metallic discs that can be affixed to the scalp with glue or collodion and connected to the EEG machine. They are placed using the standardized international 10-20 system. Pairs of electrodes (channels) are displayed in different arrangements called montages which can be used to localize a waveform on the cortical surface. Display parameters such as sensitivity and filter settings may also modify the appearance of the waveforms. Waveforms may be described based on their frequency and rhythm. Features of the normal adult EEG as well as strengths and limitations of electroencephalography are also discussed in this chapter.

In this chapter, several kinds of MI-based applications are introduced. Specifically, the MI-based localization system is one of the most widely used and mature applications of the MI-based techniques. Thus, this chapter first describes several typical MI localization applications, such as the motion capture system, pipeline position systems, and fusion localization with other techniques (such as inertial measurement correction). Second, we summarize some MI-based communication applications for IoT, such as radio frequency identification, through-the-earth communication and underwater communication.

In the first chapter I introduce some methodological issues pertaining to the history of mental health: on the one hand, the issue of anachronism, the problem of retrospective diagnosis, on the other, the importance of maintaining intelligibility across cultures. When it comes to the ancient world, there are specific problems related to the nature of medical sources in Greek and Latin, and our limited access to the medical practices underlying them; in addition, the genre 'biography of disease' has its own pitfalls, namely those of attributing ‘essence’ to what appears, prima facie, to be most of all a construct: a disease concept or label such as phrenitis. Finally, in this chapter I consider the label phrenitis, its etymological meanings and the implications of the name vis-à-vis localization (chest? lungs? diaphragm? heart?) and mental life (mind? character? soul? mental capacities?). I also discuss the ‘Homeric’ appeal of the phrēn/phrenes, the name of the body part from which the label originates. The poetic archaism of phrēn/phrenes combined with its medical use made it both understandable as a generic term for mental life and specifically a ‘medical’ term to indicate the diaphragm, and contributed to making phrenitis a long-lasting disease concept.

Chapter 4 moves to the medical texts of the imperial age, addressing first the theoretical approaches, under the subdivisions ‘localization’, semiotics, chronology and aetiology. The time frame involved here is the first to sixth centuries CE, with the main focus on Aretaeus and Galen. The two famous physicians offered strong accounts of phrenitis in terms of localization (with a centre towards the heart, first, and the brain, second), and also introduced sophisticated discussions about ‘sympathy’ and co-affection in the disease. They also addressed symptomatology and, in the case of Galen especially, took phrenitis as exemplary case for semiotic discussions and the exploration of causes.

The human nervous system contains more than 100 billion neurons. Each has a unique function enabling taste, smell, touch, sight, hearing, movement, respiration, cognition, and much more. In the setting of a neurologic emergency, patients may lose these unique capacities. It is the emergency physician’s responsibility to complete a neurologic history and examination to determine the type of deficit and the neuroanatomical location of the abnormality

The role of forecast error covariance in practical ensemble and variational data assimilation is described following algebraic and dynamical views. This is used to introduce a motivation for ensemble data assimilation. It is shown how a dynamically induced and anisotropic ensemble error covariance can benefit data assimilation, compared to climatological (static) and isotropic error covariance used in variational methods. In addition to the standard ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF), more practical square root EnKF equations are also presented. Direct transform ensemble methods are also introduced and their connection with both ensemble and variational methods described. Error covariance localization in terms of the Schur product, a standard component of any realistic ensemble-based data assimilation, is also introduced and discussed. Following that, hybrid data assimilation and in particular the ensemble-variational (EnVar) methods are introduced and presented in relation to pure ensemble and variational methods. As a particular example of hybrid methods the maximum likelihood ensemble filter (MLEF) is introduced.

The association of translation with loss is usually reductive. Loss is invoked to argue that translation is either deficient or impossible. In this chapter we argue that loss is less a lack that needs to be remedied, a criticism that needs to be endlessly refuted in a defensive or elegiac mode, and more a dimension of translation which makes the practice integral to the production of meaning. A mode of enquiry which situates loss at its centre and not at its margins is infinitely more productive than modes which seek to disenfranchise loss in the name of perpetual gain. Addressing issues around translation in literature, ecology, migration and the language industry, we want to claim that getting exercised about what is ‘lost’ in translation is fundamentally wrong-headed because it is only loss – the absential, the decision not to activate or realize certain possibilities – that makes translation, the work of constraint, effective and meaningful.

This chapter provides a framework for the companion by defining world crime fiction and outlining the key theoretical issues involved in studying crime fiction as a global genre. The first section explores the global and transnational prehistories of crime fiction; it covers various forms of premodern crime writing and discusses the global dissemination of Western crime fiction from the late nineteenth century, highlighting the role of translation, pseudotranslation and adaptation in the emergence of local crime literatures. The second section focusses on the transnationalism of contemporary world crime fiction, arguing that the global adaptations of the genre are not just a matter of adding local colour, but involve formal hybridization that results in new, local versions of the genre. The final section discusses how crime fiction studies, as a field traditionally tied to Western crime writing, has recently moved towards a global and transnational conception of the genre. The overarching argument of the chapter is that founding world crime fiction as a research area requires a rethinking of the crime genre itself beyond the Anglocentrism of the scholarly tradition.

In the history of philosophy, two lines can be distinguished, one represented by Plato, Augustine, and Descartes, emphasizing the centralizing movements in the self, another one embodied by Montaigne, Nietzsche, and Freud, proposing decentralizing movements in the self. As an example of present-day centralizing tendencies, the rise of meritocracy is discussed. An example of a contemporary decentralizing trend is the global–local nexus that implies a decentralizing multiplicity of self and identity. Whereas the centralizing movement in the self is focused on the realization of just one main form of positioning (personal excellence or superiority), the decentralizing movement results in the development of a wide variety of positions (full self-expression). Given this bidirectionality, the self is located in a field of tension resulting in an experience of uncertainty, or even stress, which challenges the dialogical self to liberate itself from imprisonment by alternating between centralization and decentralization.

This chapter takes us into the realm of social media platforms and the key role of Arabic linguistics in social media adaptation to the communicative needs of the Arab world. Through the localizing of social media platforms and the development and implementation of language policy, Johnson examines ‘the process of translating and adapting software to a new language and cultural context’. Issues such as collaborative translation and crowdsourcing have been instrumental in transforming social media discussion in Arabic formats. Providing a rundown of key issues in the adaptation of social media technology to different language areas, Johnson contextualizes the emergence of language policy and practice relating to translation and localization of social media texts, and discusses issues of translation and transliteration that apply both generally and specifically to the Arab world.