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3348644 results

Page 112 of 167433

  • A Tropical Vienna: The Influence of German Political Economy on Brazilian Independence

  • José Juan Pérez Meléndez
  • Journal:
    The Americas , First View
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    30 January 2025, pp. 1-34
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  • When the future Brazilian independence hero José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva turned 20 years old in 1783, he left Brazil to study at the University of Coimbra, as his generation’s privileged sons did. Upon graduating, he embarked on a lengthy government-sponsored trip to study mineralogy across Europe. From 1790, he immersed himself in the latest scientific doctrines and mining techniques in France, Denmark, Sweden, northern Italy, and most importantly German territories. After 10 years of traveling, he began teaching at Coimbra and Portugal’s Mint and then took over a new Intendancy of Mines tailor-made for his new qualifications. He returned to Brazil only in 1819 after 36 years away.

  • 7 - Hail Mary Propulsion Systems, Inc.

  • Ed Regis
  • Book:
    Starbound
    Published online:
    12 December 2024
    Print publication:
    30 January 2025, pp 119-142

  • Summary

    Many propulsion systems designed for interstellar travel are last-ditch, desperation schemes with very small chances of a payoff. The decidedly iffy status of some of the propulsion concepts so far discussed – the Alcubierre Drive, Sonny White’s warp drive – have led some star travel proponents to conceive of other exotic, “alternative,” or overly imaginative propulsion methodologies: flying through wormholes, for example, or crackpot faster-than-light schemes such as tachyon drives. But those concepts are so far-out and unlikely as to be well beyond even Hail Mary desperation status. There are some further theoretically possible systems, however, that just might work. The least implausible of them all is the controlled nuclear fusion drive. It was this type of engine that would supposedly propel the otherwise unworkable Bussard Interstellar Ramjet as well as the second stage of the Project Daedalus starship. In its favor is the fact that nuclear fusion is the single Hail Mary propulsion technology that is currently under active development.

  • Chapter B

  • from Drugs: An A–Z Guide
  • Henry G. W. Paw, York Hospital, York, Rob Shulman, University College London Hospitals, London
  • Book:
    Handbook of Drugs in Intensive Care
    Published online:
    15 January 2025
    Print publication:
    30 January 2025, pp 44-50

  • Summary

    Benzylpenicillin can only be given parenterally. It is active against most streptococci but the majority of strains of Staphylococcus aureus are resistant due to penicillinase production. Resistance rates are increasing in Streptococcus pneumoniae, and benzylpenicillin should probably not be used for empiric treatment of meningitis unless local levels of resistance are extremely low. All strains of Neisseria meningitidis remain sensitive.

  • Systemic venous collaterals between Glenn and Fontan: prevalence, therapy, and impact on outcomes

  • Michelle Bao Hoa Nguyen Cong, Thibault Schaeffer, Takuya Osawa, Jonas Palm, Carolin Niedermaier, Nicole Piber, Muneaki Matsubara, Paul Philipp Heinisch, Stanimir Georgiev, Alfred Hager, Peter Ewert, Jürgen Hörer, Masamichi Ono
  • Journal:
    Cardiology in the Young , First View
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    30 January 2025, pp. 1-8
  • Objective:

    This study aimed to evaluate veno-venous collaterals between bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt and total cavopulmonary connection.

    Methods:

    Patients who underwent staged total cavopulmonary connection between 1995 and 2022 were reviewed. Veno-venous collaterals between bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt and total cavopulmonary connection were depicted using angiograms. The prevalence of veno-venous collaterals, the risks for the development of veno-venous collaterals, and the impact of veno-venous collaterals on outcomes were analysed.

    Results:

    In total, 586 patients were included. Veno-venous collaterals were found in 72 (12.3%) patients. Majority of veno-venous collaterals originated from the superior caval vein and drained into the inferior caval vein. Before bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt, mean pulmonary artery pressure (16.3 vs. 14.5 mmHg, p = 0.018), and trans-pulmonary gradient (9.5 vs. 8.0 mmHg, p = 0.030) were higher in patients with veno-venous collaterals compared to those without. Veno-venous collaterals intervention was performed in 32 (5.5%) patients, in a median of 29 (16–152) days after bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt. Before total cavopulmonary connection, pulmonary artery pressure (10.3 vs. 9.4 mmHg, p = 0.015) and ventricular end-diastolic pressure (8.4 vs. 7.6 mmHg, p = 0.035) were higher, and arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2, 80.6 vs. 82.6 %, p = 0.018) was lower in patients with veno-venous collaterals compared to those without. More palliations before total cavopulmonary connection (p < 0.001, odds ratio: 1.689) were an independent risk for the development of veno-venous collaterals. Veno-venous collaterals did not affect survival after total cavopulmonary connection (92.8 vs. 92.7% at 10 years, p = 0.600).

    Conclusions:

    The prevalence of veno-venous collaterals between bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt and total cavopulmonary connection was 12%. Veno-venous collaterals may be induced by the elevated pulmonary artery pressure and trans-pulmonary gradient, and also by more previous palliations. However, they had no impact on clinical outcomes following total cavopulmonary connection.

  • Pulmonary aspergillosis in US Veterans with COVID-19: a nationwide, retrospective cohort study

  • Kaitlin Swinnerton, Nathanael R. Fillmore, Ikwo Oboho, Janet Grubber, Mary Brophy, Nhan V Do, Paul A Monach, Westyn Branch-Elliman
  • Journal:
    Antimicrobial Stewardship & Healthcare Epidemiology / Volume 5 / Issue 1 / 2025
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    30 January 2025, e28
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  • Background:

    COVID-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) was described early in the pandemic as a complication of SARS-CoV-2. Data about incidence of aspergillosis and characteristics of affected patients after mid-2021 are limited.

    Methods:

    A retrospective, nationwide cohort of US Veterans with SARS-CoV-2 from 1/1/2020 to 2/7/2024 was created. Potential cases of aspergillosis ≤12 weeks of a SARS-CoV-2 test were flagged electronically (based on testing results indicative of invasive fungal infection, antifungal therapy, and/or ICD-10 codes), followed by manual review to establish the clinical diagnosis of pulmonary aspergillosis. Incidence rates were calculated per 10,000 SARS-CoV-2 cases. Selected clinical characteristics included age >70, receipt of immune-compromising drugs, hematologic malignancy, chronic respiratory disease, vaccination status, and vaccine era. Multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate the independent effects of these variables via adjusted odds ratios (aOR).

    Results:

    Among 674,343 Veterans with SARS-CoV-2, 165 were electronically flagged for review. Of these, 66 were judged to be cases of aspergillosis. Incidence proportions ranged from 0.30/10,000 among patients with zero risk factors to 34/10,000 among those with ≥3 risk factors; rates were similar in the pre- and post-vaccination eras. The 90-day mortality among aspergillosis cases was 50%. In the multivariate analysis, immune suppression (aOR 6.47, CI 3.84–10.92), chronic respiratory disease (aOR 3.57, CI 2.10–6.14), and age >70 (aOR 2.78, CI 1.64–4.80) were associated with aspergillosis.

    Conclusions:

    Patients with underlying risk factors for invasive aspergillosis continue to be at some risk despite SARS-CoV-2 immunization. Risk in patients without immune suppression or preexisting lung disease is very low.

  • 10 - Let Us Hibernate

  • Ed Regis
  • Book:
    Starbound
    Published online:
    12 December 2024
    Print publication:
    30 January 2025, pp 180-195

  • Summary

    The obligation to support space exploration can be defended in at least three ways: (1) the ‘argument from resources,’ that space exploration is useful for amplifying our available resources; (2) the ‘argument from asteroids,’ that space exploration is necessary for protecting the environment and its inhabitants from extraterrestrial threats such as meteorite impacts; and (3) the ‘argument from solar burnout,’ that we are obligated to pursue interstellar colonization in order to ensure long-term human survival. However, even if we accept all three propositions, that space exploration will give us access to asteroidal and other resources; will allow us to defend ourselves against meteorites (by intercepting or destroying them); a+L16nd finally that interstellar colonization might be useful in saving us from solar burnout, it does not follow that we have an obligation to do any of those things. What follows is that we have reasons to take those actions as practical measures that will bring about the ends in question. But no obligation per se arises from the fact that those measures will be helpful in attaining those ends.

The Gentle Shepherd

The Cambridge Centennial Edition of The Great Gatsby
  • F. Scott Fitzgerald
  • Edited with Introduction and Notes by James L. W. West, III, Sarah Churchwell
  • Published online:
    29 January 2025
    Print publication:
    28 January 2025
  • The Great Gatsby is often called the great American novel. Emblematic of an entire era, F. Scott Fitzgerald's classic tale of illicit desire, grand illusions, and lost dreams is rendered in a lyrical prose that revives a vanished world of glittering parties and vibrant jazz, where money and deceit walk hand in hand. Rich in humor, sharply observant of status and class, the book tells the story of Jay Gatsby's efforts to keep his faith – in money, in love, in all the promises of America – amid the chaos and conflict of life on Long Island's Gold Coast during the Roaring Twenties. This centennial edition presents the established version of the text in a collector's volume replete with social, cultural, and historical context, and numerous illustrations. The authoritative introduction examines persistent myths about Fitzgerald, his greatest work, and the age he embodies, while offering fresh ways of reading this iconic work.
Institutionalising Multispecies Justice

Institutionalising Multispecies Justice
  • Danielle Celermajer, Anthony Burke, Stefanie Fishel, Erin Fitz-Henry, Nicole Rogers, David Schlosberg, Christine Winter
  • Published online:
    29 January 2025
    Print publication:
    28 February 2025
    • Element
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  • Multispecies Justice (MSJ) is a theory and practice seeking to correct the defects making dominant theories of justice incapable of responding to current and emerging planetary disruptions and extinctions. Multispecies Justice starts with the assumption that justice is not limited to humans but includes all Earth others, and the relationships that enable their functioning and flourishing. This Element describes and imagines a set of institutions, across all scales and in different spheres, that respect, revere, and care for the relationships that make life on Earth possible and allow all natural entities, humans included, to flourish. It draws attention to the prefigurative work happening within societies otherwise dominated by institutions characterised by Multispecies Injustice, demonstrating historical and ongoing practices of MSJ in different contexts. It then sketches speculative possibilities that expand on existing institutional reforms and are more fundamentally transformational. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
On Wonder

On Wonder
  • Literature and Science in the Long Eighteenth Century
  • Tita Chico
  • Published online:
    29 January 2025
    Print publication:
    28 February 2025
  • This is an Element about wonder − as an object, as a feeling, as an invitation to study, and as a way of thinking in both literary and scientific texts of the long eighteenth century. Wonder is at the heart of natural philosophical inquiry in the long eighteenth century, its inaugural provocation, its long-standing problematic. Yet wonder requires observation and imagination, operating together, if uneasily, to give shape to forms of scientific, literary, and social knowledge, shaping how thinking works − and who can do it. Studying wonder in the long eighteenth century helps us to understand our current disciplinary configurations, and also how wonder itself embodies the potential for a more capacious critical practice. Studying wonder as an epistemology, praxis, and thematic in the long eighteenth century also carries the promise of invigorating and reimagining our own critical, creative endeavors.
Populism and Fascism

Populism and Fascism
  • Carlos de la Torre
  • Published online:
    29 January 2025
    Print publication:
    28 February 2025
  • The elections of Donald Trump and Jair Bolsonaro, as well as the strengthening of the radical right globally, brought back debates of the similarities and differences between populism and fascism. This volume argues that fascism and populism are similar in so far that they constructed the people as one; understood leadership as embodiment; and performed politics of the extraordinary. They are different because there is a consensus that fascism occurred at a particular historical moment, and what came after was postfascism. There is not such an agreement to restrict populism to a historical moment. These isms also differ in the use of violence to deal with enemies, and on how they constructed their legitimacy using elections or abolishing democracy. Whereas fascism destroyed democracy and replaced elections with plebiscitary acclamation, populists promise to give power back to the people. Yet when in power the logic of populism leads to democratic erosion.

  • Four-port flexible UWB-MIMO antenna with triple band-notched for wearable IoT applications

  • Huanchen Peng, Chengzhu Du, Ruohui Wang
  • Journal:
    International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies , First View
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    29 January 2025, pp. 1-11

  • A four-port ultra-wideband (UWB) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna with three notch bands is proposed in this work. The antenna uses ultra-thin flexible material liquid crystal polymer (LCP) as the substrate. Four identical monopole radiators are designed in this proposed antenna system. The notch bands of the antenna are generated by adding complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) and ring branch. A cross-shaped stub is set in the center of the four antenna units to enhance the isolation. The measured bandwidth of the antenna is 2.54–10.69 GHz, filtering out three notch frequency bands of 2.81–3.85, 5.11–5.98, and 7.34–8.69 GHz. The isolation in the entire working frequency is better than 22 dB. The bent performances of the MIMO system and the specific absorption rate (SAR) value are analyzed. The low SAR values, low envelope correlation coefficient (<0.05), high diversity gain (>9.999), and stable gain of the proposed antenna indicate that in UWB-MIMO systems and wearable Internet of Things applications, it can be widely used.

  • PSR volume 119 issue 1 Cover and Front matter

  • Journal:
    American Political Science Review / Volume 119 / Issue 1 / February 2025
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    29 January 2025, pp. f1-f6
    Print publication:
    February 2025
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  • Queen conch aquaculture remains a conservation symbol and is not yet a fisheries solution

  • Andrew Kough, Shayle Matsuda, Richard Appeldoorn, Erik Boman, Kayley Galassini, Gabriel Delgado, Nelson Ehrhardt, Robert Glazer, Gaya Gnanalingam, Alexander Tewfik, Allan Stoner
  • Journal:
    Oryx , First View
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    29 January 2025, pp. 1-10
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  • Conservation aquaculture, defined as cultivating aquatic organisms to manage or replenish natural populations, has been advocated as a strategy to enhance fisheries production and help restore declining populations. Culture is especially compelling for species in steep decline and for which there is established methodology. The queen conch Aliger gigas is an example of a species with widely overexploited populations, with attempts to culture the species commercially ongoing for > 40 years. However, hatchery-releases have shown low survival from post-settlement to near maturity, leading to low conservation aquaculture potential. When this is viewed alongside large-scale fishery extractions, it is apparent that it is not commercially feasible to replace wild harvest nor ecologically feasible to replenish queen conch populations using existing aquaculture approaches. An age-based mortality model estimates the magnitude of culture required to replace a single adult of reproductive age. Extrapolations from catch–weight relationships highlight the scale of facilities and costs required to partially offset the harvest in a typical Caribbean fishery. Estimates of reproduction to achieve replacement suggest a greater yield from properly protecting natural breeding aggregations. Queen conch aquaculture is useful for scientific inquiry, community engagement and education, but not for stock enhancement or population restoration without more practical and cost-efficient options. Therefore, protecting breeding aggregations should be prioritized for the ecological viability of the species, as well as for its economic value for the people and industries that rely upon it.

Page 112 of 167433