Module 3 discusses human migration and the processes that happen when cultures meet. Acculturation theories describe models and strategies by which people adapt (or not) when they encounter other cultures in sustained interaction. The processes are affected by the degree of difference between the cultures and the context of the interaction. Outcomes depend on resilience and resources, including symbolic resources by which people maintain their sense of connection to culture.

Chapter 1 raises the question of whether there was a decisive break in the nature of the city between Classical Antiquity and the post-Roman world of Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. It is suggested that treating ‘the ancient city’ as typologically different from cities before or after obscures both the real degree of continuity and the perceptions of contemporaries of continuity. The chapter explores the historiography of the idea of the ancient city as a distinct type that goes back to Fustel de Coulanges, and has been identified by different schools of thought as religious, economic, political, and physical. Rather than thinking of ‘decline and fall’, or even ‘transformation’, a new approach is offered through resilience theory, that sees a continuous process of drawing on memories of the past and, through them, adaptation.

This chapter concentrates on another significant element of the Irish Catholic Church’s transnational fundraising, namely the collecting tours on behalf of church-building projects that Irish clerics regularly conducted in diaspora destinations, including but not limited to the US. Based on close analysis of a series of surviving personal diaries and letters produced by collecting priests in the second half of the nineteenth century, this chapter outlines the difficulties, including hostile resident clergy, that collecting priests faced, explores the emotions of religious fundraising, for both giver and receiver, and assesses the place that such epic fundraising tours have in the narratives that surrounded Ireland’s newly built Catholic infrastructure.

This chapter reviews alternative methods for estimating the integrated covariance matrix (ICM) using high-frequency data and their properties. The high-frequency data are assumed to come from a continuous-time model. The alternative estimators are justified by their asymptotic properties under the infill asymptotic scheme, which requires that the time interval Δ between any two consecutive observations go to zero. When reviewing the methods, we separate the methods that assume the dimension of the ICM is fixed and those that assume the dimension of the ICM goes to infinity with the sample size. Comparisons of the performances of alternative ICM estimators in portfolio choice are discussed.

Chapter 2 looks at the continuities in perception of the city between antiquity and the later period, looking at representations (images) and panegyrics. In terms of how cities were represented (especially in painting and sculpture), there is striking continuity in the emphasis on the wall circuit with gates and towers as the defining element of the city. The extensive tradition of panegyrics of individual cities (laudes urbium), the models set by Greek and Roman rhetorical manuals, was followed into the Middle Ages. The principal contrast lies in religion, but the economy, politics, and physical structures of the city are treated as belonging to a continuous tradition, and later cities are celebrated for the imitation of antiquity and, above all, of Rome.

Nortriptyline hydrochloride (3-(10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5-ylidene)propyl(methyl)amine hydrochloride) is a dibenzocycloheptadiene tricyclic antidepressant with a molecular weight of 299.8 and an empirical formula of C19H21N,HCl.

Module 4 discusses dynamics of societies when several cultures interact over sustained time periods. Multiculturalism describes a political strategy first instituted in Canada under which cultures were intended to coexist, though inequity, discrimination, and prejudice do persist around the world. Hawaiʻi and Aotearoa (New Zealand) serve as additional examples of interaction between multiple cultures. Sojourners cross cultures for work or education, expected to return home eventually, and study of their experiences has yielded concepts such as cultural intelligence to describe factors favorably influencing outcomes. Contact theory proposes that equal status interaction eventually reduces intercultural tensions, possibly benefiting diverse workforces in healthcare settings.

This chapter of the handbook examines the complex relation between empathy and prosociality by drawing on evolutionary theory, neuroscience, psychology, and behavioral economics. The author begins by distinguishing three components of the broader phenomenon of empathy: emotional contagion, empathic concern, and perspective taking. He reviews evidence suggesting that emotional contagion of a conspecific’s pain often leads to helping behavior, but such contagion is modulated by group membership, levels of intimacy, and attitudes toward the other. Empathic concern, too, is a powerful motivator of prosocial behaviors but is also socially modulated – extended to some people more than others and to individuals more than groups. Effortful perspective taking, finally, can provide a better understanding of other people’s minds but does not always generate prosocial behavior, even when it facilitates empathic concern. In sum, various forms of empathy can motivate prosocial behaviors, but empathy is fragile and often stops short of its potential when people engage with large groups, people outside of their tribe, or anonymous strangers.

Droxidopa ( (–)-threo-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-l-serine) is an odourless, tasteless, white to off-white crystalline powder, which is slightly soluble to water. It has a molecular weight of 213.2 and a molecular formula of C9H11NO5.