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This series is devoted to significant topics or themes that have wide application in mathematics or mathematical science and for which a detailed development of the abstract theory is less important than a thorough and concrete exploration of the implications and applications. Books in The Encyclopedia of Mathematics and Its Applications cover their subject comprehensively. Less important results may be summarized as exercises at the ends of chapters. For technicalities, readers can be referred to the bibliography, which is expected to be comprehensive. As a result, volumes are encyclopedic references or manageable guides to major subjects.

  • Editorial Boards: R. Doran, M. Ismail, T.-Y. Lam, E. Lutwak

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176 results in Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications

Page 2 of 9

Ultrametric Pseudodifferential Equations and Applications
  • Andrei Yu. Khrennikov, Sergei V. Kozyrev, W. A. Zúñiga-Galindo
  • Published online:
    10 May 2018
    Print publication:
    26 April 2018
  • Starting from physical motivations and leading to practical applications, this book provides an interdisciplinary perspective on the cutting edge of ultrametric pseudodifferential equations. It shows the ways in which these equations link different fields including mathematics, engineering, and geophysics. In particular, the authors provide a detailed explanation of the geophysical applications of p-adic diffusion equations, useful when modeling the flows of liquids through porous rock. p-adic wavelets theory and p-adic pseudodifferential equations are also presented, along with their connections to mathematical physics, representation theory, the physics of disordered systems, probability, number theory, and p-adic dynamical systems. Material that was previously spread across many articles in journals of many different fields is brought together here, including recent work on the van der Put series technique. This book provides an excellent snapshot of the fascinating field of ultrametric pseudodifferential equations, including their emerging applications and currently unsolved problems.

Non-Associative Normed Algebras
  • Volume 2, Representation Theory and the Zel'manov Approach
  • Miguel Cabrera García, Ángel Rodríguez Palacios
  • Published online:
    20 April 2018
    Print publication:
    12 April 2018
  • This first systematic account of the basic theory of normed algebras, without assuming associativity, includes many new and unpublished results and is sure to become a central resource for researchers and graduate students in the field. This second volume revisits JB*-triples, covers Zel'manov's celebrated work in Jordan theory, proves the unit-free variant of the Vidav–Palmer theorem, and develops the representation theory of alternative C*-algebras and non-commutative JB*-algebras. This completes the work begun in the first volume, which introduced these algebras and discussed the so-called non-associative Gelfand–Naimark and Vidav–Palmer theorems. This book interweaves pure algebra, geometry of normed spaces, and infinite-dimensional complex analysis. Novel proofs are presented in complete detail at a level accessible to graduate students. The book contains a wealth of historical comments, background material, examples, and an extensive bibliography.

Equivalents of the Riemann Hypothesis
  • Volume 1, Arithmetic Equivalents
  • Kevin Broughan
  • Published online:
    27 October 2017
    Print publication:
    02 November 2017
  • The Riemann hypothesis (RH) is perhaps the most important outstanding problem in mathematics. This two-volume text presents the main known equivalents to RH using analytic and computational methods. The book is gentle on the reader with definitions repeated, proofs split into logical sections, and graphical descriptions of the relations between different results. It also includes extensive tables, supplementary computational tools, and open problems suitable for research. Accompanying software is free to download. These books will interest mathematicians who wish to update their knowledge, graduate and senior undergraduate students seeking accessible research problems in number theory, and others who want to explore and extend results computationally. Each volume can be read independently. Volume 1 presents classical and modern arithmetic equivalents to RH, with some analytic methods. Volume 2 covers equivalences with a strong analytic orientation, supported by an extensive set of appendices containing fully developed proofs.

Equivalents of the Riemann Hypothesis
  • Volume 2, Analytic Equivalents
  • Kevin Broughan
  • Published online:
    27 October 2017
    Print publication:
    02 November 2017
  • The Riemann hypothesis (RH) is perhaps the most important outstanding problem in mathematics. This two-volume text presents the main known equivalents to RH using analytic and computational methods. The book is gentle on the reader with definitions repeated, proofs split into logical sections, and graphical descriptions of the relations between different results. It also includes extensive tables, supplementary computational tools, and open problems suitable for research. Accompanying software is free to download. These books will interest mathematicians who wish to update their knowledge, graduate and senior undergraduate students seeking accessible research problems in number theory, and others who want to explore and extend results computationally. Each volume can be read independently. Volume 1 presents classical and modern arithmetic equivalents to RH, with some analytic methods. Volume 2 covers equivalences with a strong analytic orientation, supported by an extensive set of appendices containing fully developed proofs.

Aperiodic Order
  • Volume 2, Crystallography and Almost Periodicity
  • Edited by Michael Baake, Uwe Grimm
  • Published online:
    26 October 2017
    Print publication:
    02 November 2017
  • Quasicrystals are non-periodic solids that were discovered in 1982 by Dan Shechtman, Nobel Prize Laureate in Chemistry 2011. The mathematics that underlies this discovery or that proceeded from it, known as the theory of Aperiodic Order, is the subject of this comprehensive multi-volume series. This second volume begins to develop the theory in more depth. A collection of leading experts, among them Robert V. Moody, cover various aspects of crystallography, generalising appropriately from the classical case to the setting of aperiodically ordered structures. A strong focus is placed upon almost periodicity, a central concept of crystallography that captures the coherent repetition of local motifs or patterns, and its close links to Fourier analysis. The book opens with a foreword by Jeffrey C. Lagarias on the wider mathematical perspective and closes with an epilogue on the emergence of quasicrystals, written by Peter Kramer, one of the founders of the field.

The Banach–Tarski Paradox
  • 2nd edition
  • Grzegorz Tomkowicz, Stan Wagon
  • Published online:
    05 June 2016
    Print publication:
    14 June 2016
  • The Banach–Tarski Paradox is a most striking mathematical construction: it asserts that a solid ball can be taken apart into finitely many pieces that can be rearranged using rigid motions to form a ball twice as large. This volume explores the consequences of the paradox for measure theory and its connections with group theory, geometry, set theory, and logic. This new edition of a classic book unifies contemporary research on the paradox. It has been updated with many new proofs and results, and discussions of the many problems that remain unsolved. Among the new results presented are several unusual paradoxes in the hyperbolic plane, one of which involves the shapes of Escher's famous 'Angel and Devils' woodcut. A new chapter is devoted to a complete proof of the remarkable result that the circle can be squared using set theory, a problem that had been open for over sixty years.

Solving Polynomial Equation Systems IV
  • Volume 4, Buchberger Theory and Beyond
  • Teo Mora
  • Published online:
    05 April 2016
    Print publication:
    01 April 2016
  • In this fourth and final volume the author extends Buchberger's Algorithm in three different directions. First, he extends the theory to group rings and other Ore-like extensions, and provides an operative scheme that allows one to set a Buchberger theory over any effective associative ring. Second, he covers similar extensions as tools for discussing parametric polynomial systems, the notion of SAGBI-bases, Gröbner bases over invariant rings and Hironaka's theory. Finally, Mora shows how Hilbert's followers - notably Janet, Gunther and Macaulay - anticipated Buchberger's ideas and discusses the most promising recent alternatives by Gerdt (involutive bases) and Faugère (F4 and F5). This comprehensive treatment in four volumes is a significant contribution to algorithmic commutative algebra that will be essential reading for algebraists and algebraic geometers.

Variational Methods for Nonlocal Fractional Problems
  • Giovanni Molica Bisci, Vicentiu D. Radulescu, Raffaella Servadei
  • Published online:
    05 March 2016
    Print publication:
    11 March 2016
  • This book provides researchers and graduate students with a thorough introduction to the variational analysis of nonlinear problems described by nonlocal operators. The authors give a systematic treatment of the basic mathematical theory and constructive methods for these classes of nonlinear equations, plus their application to various processes arising in the applied sciences. The equations are examined from several viewpoints, with the calculus of variations as the unifying theme. Part I begins the book with some basic facts about fractional Sobolev spaces. Part II is dedicated to the analysis of fractional elliptic problems involving subcritical nonlinearities, via classical variational methods and other novel approaches. Finally, Part III contains a selection of recent results on critical fractional equations. A careful balance is struck between rigorous mathematics and physical applications, allowing readers to see how these diverse topics relate to other important areas, including topology, functional analysis, mathematical physics, and potential theory.

Isolated Singularities in Partial Differential Inequalities
  • Marius Ghergu, Steven D. Taliaferro
  • Published online:
    05 February 2016
    Print publication:
    25 January 2016
  • In this monograph, the authors present some powerful methods for dealing with singularities in elliptic and parabolic partial differential inequalities. Here, the authors take the unique approach of investigating differential inequalities rather than equations, the reason being that the simplest way to study an equation is often to study a corresponding inequality; for example, using sub and superharmonic functions to study harmonic functions. Another unusual feature of the present book is that it is based on integral representation formulae and nonlinear potentials, which have not been widely investigated so far. This approach can also be used to tackle higher order differential equations. The book will appeal to graduate students interested in analysis, researchers in pure and applied mathematics, and engineers who work with partial differential equations. Readers will require only a basic knowledge of functional analysis, measure theory and Sobolev spaces.

Combinatorics, Words and Symbolic Dynamics
  • Edited by Valérie Berthé, Michel Rigo
  • Published online:
    05 January 2016
    Print publication:
    26 February 2016
  • Internationally recognised researchers look at developing trends in combinatorics with applications in the study of words and in symbolic dynamics. They explain the important concepts, providing a clear exposition of some recent results, and emphasise the emerging connections between these different fields. Topics include combinatorics on words, pattern avoidance, graph theory, tilings and theory of computation, multidimensional subshifts, discrete dynamical systems, ergodic theory, numeration systems, dynamical arithmetics, automata theory and synchronised words, analytic combinatorics, continued fractions and probabilistic models. Each topic is presented in a way that links it to the main themes, but then they are also extended to repetitions in words, similarity relations, cellular automata, friezes and Dynkin diagrams. The book will appeal to graduate students, research mathematicians and computer scientists working in combinatorics, theory of computation, number theory, symbolic dynamics, tilings and stringology. It will also interest biologists using text algorithms.

The Representation Theory of the Symmetric Group
  • James
  • Published online:
    05 December 2015
    Print publication:
    28 December 1984
  • The Representation Theory of the Symmetric Group provides an account of both the ordinary and modular representation theory of the symmetric groups. The range of applications of this theory is vast, varying from theoretical physics, through combinatories to the study of polynomial identity algebras; and new uses are still being found.

Solving Polynomial Equation Systems III
  • Volume 3, Algebraic Solving
  • Teo Mora
  • Published online:
    05 August 2015
    Print publication:
    07 August 2015
  • This third volume of four finishes the program begun in Volume 1 by describing all the most important techniques, mainly based on Gröbner bases, which allow one to manipulate the roots of the equation rather than just compute them. The book begins with the 'standard' solutions (Gianni–Kalkbrener Theorem, Stetter Algorithm, Cardinal–Mourrain result) and then moves on to more innovative methods (Lazard triangular sets, Rouillier's Rational Univariate Representation, the TERA Kronecker package). The author also looks at classical results, such as Macaulay's Matrix, and provides a historical survey of elimination, from Bézout to Cayley. This comprehensive treatment in four volumes is a significant contribution to algorithmic commutative algebra that will be essential reading for algebraists and algebraic geometers.

Topics in Chromatic Graph Theory
  • Edited by Lowell W. Beineke, Robin J. Wilson
  • Published online:
    05 May 2015
    Print publication:
    07 May 2015
  • Chromatic graph theory is a thriving area that uses various ideas of 'colouring' (of vertices, edges, and so on) to explore aspects of graph theory. It has links with other areas of mathematics, including topology, algebra and geometry, and is increasingly used in such areas as computer networks, where colouring algorithms form an important feature. While other books cover portions of the material, no other title has such a wide scope as this one, in which acknowledged international experts in the field provide a broad survey of the subject. All fifteen chapters have been carefully edited, with uniform notation and terminology applied throughout. Bjarne Toft (Odense, Denmark), widely recognized for his substantial contributions to the area, acted as academic consultant. The book serves as a valuable reference for researchers and graduate students in graph theory and combinatorics and as a useful introduction to the topic for mathematicians in related fields.

Aperiodic Order
  • Volume 1, A Mathematical Invitation
  • Michael Baake, Uwe Grimm
  • Published online:
    18 December 2014
    Print publication:
    22 August 2013
  • Quasicrystals are non-periodic solids that were discovered in 1982 by Dan Shechtman, Nobel Prize Laureate in Chemistry 2011. The underlying mathematics, known as the theory of aperiodic order, is the subject of this comprehensive multi-volume series. This first volume provides a graduate-level introduction to the many facets of this relatively new area of mathematics. Special attention is given to methods from algebra, discrete geometry and harmonic analysis, while the main focus is on topics motivated by physics and crystallography. In particular, the authors provide a systematic exposition of the mathematical theory of kinematic diffraction. Numerous illustrations and worked-out examples help the reader to bridge the gap between theory and application. The authors also point to more advanced topics to show how the theory interacts with other areas of pure and applied mathematics.

Orthogonal Polynomials of Several Variables
  • 2nd edition
  • Charles F. Dunkl, Yuan Xu
  • Published online:
    05 August 2014
    Print publication:
    21 August 2014
  • Serving both as an introduction to the subject and as a reference, this book presents the theory in elegant form and with modern concepts and notation. It covers the general theory and emphasizes the classical types of orthogonal polynomials whose weight functions are supported on standard domains. The approach is a blend of classical analysis and symmetry group theoretic methods. Finite reflection groups are used to motivate and classify symmetries of weight functions and the associated polynomials. This revised edition has been updated throughout to reflect recent developments in the field. It contains 25% new material, including two brand new chapters on orthogonal polynomials in two variables, which will be especially useful for applications, and orthogonal polynomials on the unit sphere. The most modern and complete treatment of the subject available, it will be useful to a wide audience of mathematicians and applied scientists, including physicists, chemists and engineers.

Non-Associative Normed Algebras
  • Volume 1, The Vidav–Palmer and Gelfand–Naimark Theorems
  • Miguel Cabrera García, Ángel Rodríguez Palacios
  • Published online:
    05 August 2014
    Print publication:
    31 July 2014
  • This first systematic account of the basic theory of normed algebras, without assuming associativity, includes many new and unpublished results and is sure to become a central resource for researchers and graduate students in the field. This first volume focuses on the non-associative generalizations of (associative) C*-algebras provided by the so-called non-associative Gelfand–Naimark and Vidav–Palmer theorems, which give rise to alternative C*-algebras and non-commutative JB*-algebras, respectively. The relationship between non-commutative JB*-algebras and JB*-triples is also fully discussed. The second volume covers Zel'manov's celebrated work in Jordan theory to derive classification theorems for non-commutative JB*-algebras and JB*-triples, as well as other topics. The book interweaves pure algebra, geometry of normed spaces, and complex analysis, and includes a wealth of historical comments, background material, examples and exercises. The authors also provide an extensive bibliography.

Monoidal Topology
  • A Categorical Approach to Order, Metric, and Topology
  • Edited by Dirk Hofmann, Gavin J. Seal, Walter Tholen
  • Published online:
    05 August 2014
    Print publication:
    31 July 2014
  • Monoidal Topology describes an active research area that, after various past proposals on how to axiomatize 'spaces' in terms of convergence, began to emerge at the beginning of the millennium. It combines Barr's relational presentation of topological spaces in terms of ultrafilter convergence with Lawvere's interpretation of metric spaces as small categories enriched over the extended real half-line. Hence, equipped with a quantale V (replacing the reals) and a monad T (replacing the ultrafilter monad) laxly extended from set maps to V-valued relations, the book develops a categorical theory of (T,V)-algebras that is inspired simultaneously by its metric and topological roots. The book highlights in particular the distinguished role of equationally defined structures within the given lax-algebraic context and presents numerous new results ranging from topology and approach theory to domain theory. All the necessary pre-requisites in order and category theory are presented in the book.

Stochastic Equations in Infinite Dimensions
  • 2nd edition
  • Giuseppe Da Prato, Jerzy Zabczyk
  • Published online:
    05 May 2014
    Print publication:
    17 April 2014
  • Now in its second edition, this book gives a systematic and self-contained presentation of basic results on stochastic evolution equations in infinite dimensional, typically Hilbert and Banach, spaces. In the first part the authors give a self-contained exposition of the basic properties of probability measure on separable Banach and Hilbert spaces, as required later; they assume a reasonable background in probability theory and finite dimensional stochastic processes. The second part is devoted to the existence and uniqueness of solutions of a general stochastic evolution equation, and the third concerns the qualitative properties of those solutions. Appendices gather together background results from analysis that are otherwise hard to find under one roof. This revised edition includes two brand new chapters surveying recent developments in the area and an even more comprehensive bibliography, making this book an essential and up-to-date resource for all those working in stochastic differential equations.

Design Theory
  • Volume 2, 2nd edition
  • Thomas Beth, D. Jungnickel, H. Lenz
  • Published online:
    05 February 2014
    Print publication:
    18 November 1999
  • This is the concluding volume of the second edition of the standard text on design theory. Since the first edition there has been extensive development of the theory and this book has been thoroughly rewritten to reflect this. In particular the growing importance of discrete mathematics to many parts of engineering and science have made designs a useful tool for applications, and this fact has been acknowledged here with the inclusion of an additional chapter on applications. It is suitable for advanced courses and as a reference work, not only for researchers in discrete mathematics or finite algebra, but also for those working in computer and communications engineering and other mathematically oriented disciplines. Exercises are included throughout, and the book concludes with an extensive and updated bibliography of well over 1800 items.

Convex Bodies: The Brunn–Minkowski Theory
  • 2nd edition
  • Rolf Schneider
  • Published online:
    05 December 2013
    Print publication:
    31 October 2013
  • At the heart of this monograph is the Brunn–Minkowski theory, which can be used to great effect in studying such ideas as volume and surface area and their generalizations. In particular, the notions of mixed volume and mixed area measure arise naturally and the fundamental inequalities that are satisfied by mixed volumes are considered here in detail. The author presents a comprehensive introduction to convex bodies, including full proofs for some deeper theorems. The book provides hints and pointers to connections with other fields and an exhaustive reference list. This second edition has been considerably expanded to reflect the rapid developments of the past two decades. It includes new chapters on valuations on convex bodies, on extensions like the Lp Brunn–Minkowski theory, and on affine constructions and inequalities. There are also many supplements and updates to the original chapters, and a substantial expansion of chapter notes and references.

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