We construct a generalization of Courant algebroids that are classified by the third cohomology group ${{H}^{3}}(A,\,V)$, where $A$ is a Lie Algebroid, and $V$ is an $A$-module. We see that both Courant algebroids and ${{\text{ }\!\!\varepsilon\!\!\text{ }}^{1}}(M)$ structures are examples of them. Finally we introduce generalized $\text{CR}$ structures on a manifold, which are a generalization of generalized complex structures, and show that every $\text{CR}$ structure and contact structure is an example of a generalized $\text{CR}$ structure.

In this paper, we investigate a conjecture due to S. and P. Chowla and its generalization by Milnor. These are related to the delicate question of non-vanishing of $L$-functions associated to periodic functions at integers greater than 1. We report on some progress in relation to these conjectures. In a different vein, we link them to a conjecture of Zagier on multiple zeta values and also to linear independence of polylogarithms.

We study classes of mappings between finite and infinite dimensional Banach spaces that are monotone and mappings which are differences of monotone mappings ($\text{DM}$). We prove a Radó–Reichelderfer estimate for monotone mappings in finite dimensional spaces that remains valid for $\text{DM}$ mappings. This provides an alternative proof of the Fréchet differentiability a.e. of $\text{DM}$ mappings. We establish a Morrey-type estimate for the distributional derivative of monotone mappings. We prove that a locally $\text{DM}$ mapping between finite dimensional spaces is also globally $\text{DM}$. We introduce and study a new class of the so-called $\text{UDM}$ mappings between Banach spaces, which generalizes the concept of curves of finite variation.

We set up a framework for computing the spectral dimension of a class of one-dimensional self-similar measures that are defined by iterated function systems with overlaps and satisfy a family of second-order self-similar identities. As applications of our result we obtain the spectral dimension of important measures such as the infinite Bernoulli convolution associated with the golden ratio and convolutions of Cantor-type measures. The main novelty of our result is that the iterated function systems we consider are not post-critically finite and do not satisfy the well-known open set condition.

We establish the asymptotic behaviour of the partition function, the heat content, the integrated eigenvalue counting function, and, for certain points, the on-diagonal heat kernel of generalized Sierpinski carpets. For all these functions the leading term is of the form $ {{x}^{\text{ }\!\!\gamma\!\!\text{ }}}\phi \left( \log x \right)$ for a suitable exponent $\text{ }\!\!\gamma\!\!\text{ }$ and $\phi $ a periodic function. We also discuss similar results for the heat content of affine nested fractals.

This paper gives a characterization of homotopy fibres of inverse image maps on groupoids of torsors that are induced by geometric morphisms, in terms of both pointed torsors and pointed cocycles, suitably defined. Cocycle techniques are used to give a complete description of such fibres, when the underlying geometric morphism is the canonical stalk on the classifying topos of a profinite group $G$. If the torsors in question are defined with respect to a constant group $H$, then the path components of the fibre can be identified with the set of continuous maps from the profinite group $G$ to the group $H$. More generally, when $H$ is not constant, this set of path components is the set of continuous maps from a pro-object in sheaves of groupoids to $H$, which pro-object can be viewed as a “Grothendieck fundamental groupoid”.

When $F$ is a $p$-adic field, and $G\,=\,\mathbb{G}\left( F \right)$ is the group of $F$-rational points of a connected algebraic $F$-group, the complex vector space $\mathcal{H}\left( G \right)$ of compactly supported locally constant distributions on $G$ has a natural convolution product that makes it into a $\mathbb{C}$-algebra (without an identity) called the Hecke algebra. The Hecke algebra is a partial analogue for $p$-adic groups of the enveloping algebra of a Lie group. However, $\mathcal{H}\left( G \right)$ has drawbacks such as the lack of an identity element, and the process $G\,\mapsto \,\mathcal{H}\left( G \right)$ is not a functor. Bernstein introduced an enlargement ${{\mathcal{H}}^{\hat{\ }}}\left( G \right)$ of $\mathcal{H}\left( G \right)$. The algebra ${{\mathcal{H}}^{\hat{\ }}}\left( G \right)$ consists of the distributions that are left essentially compact. We show that the process $G\,\mapsto \,{{\mathcal{H}}^{\hat{\ }}}\left( G \right)$ is a functor. If $\tau \,:\,G\,\to \,H$ is a morphism of $p$-adic groups, let $F\left( \tau \right):\,{{\mathcal{H}}^{\hat{\ }}}\left( G \right)\,\to \,{{\mathcal{H}}^{\hat{\ }}}\left( H \right)$ be the morphism of $\mathbb{C}$-algebras. We identify the kernel of $F\left( \tau \right)$ in terms of $\text{Ker}\left( \tau \right)$. In the setting of $p$-adic Lie algebras, with $\mathfrak{g}$ a reductive Lie algebra, $\mathfrak{m}$ a Levi, and $\tau \,:\,\mathfrak{g}\,\to \,\mathfrak{m}$ the natural projection, we show that $F\left( \tau \right)$ maps $G$-invariant distributions on $\mathcal{G}$ to ${{N}_{G}}\left( \mathfrak{m} \right)$-invariant distributions on $\mathfrak{m}$. Finally, we exhibit a natural family of $G$-invariant essentially compact distributions on $\mathfrak{g}$ associated with a $G$-invariant non-degenerate symmetric bilinear form on $\mathfrak{g}$ and in the case of $SL\left( 2 \right)$ show how certain members of the family can be moved to the group.

A theory of higher rank multiresolution analysis is given in the setting of abelian multiscalings. This theory enables the construction, from a higher rank MRA, of finite wavelet sets whose multidilations have translates forming an orthonormal basis in ${{L}^{2}}({{\mathbb{R}}^{d}})$. While tensor products of uniscaled MRAs provide simple examples we construct many nonseparable higher rank wavelets. In particular we construct Latin square wavelets as rank 2 variants of Haar wavelets. Also we construct nonseparable scaling functions for rank 2 variants of Meyer wavelet scaling functions, and we construct the associated nonseparable wavelets with compactly supported Fourier transforms. On the other hand we show that compactly supported scaling functions for biscaled MRAs are necessarily separable.

We characterize the continuous q-ultraspherical polynomials in terms of the special form of the coefficients in the expansion ${{\mathcal{D}}_{q}}{{P}_{n}}\left( x \right)$ in the basis $\left\{ {{P}_{n}}\left( x \right) \right\},{{\mathcal{D}}_{q}}$ being the Askey-Wilson divided difference operator. The polynomials are assumed to be symmetric, and the connection coefficients are multiples of the reciprocal of the square of the ${{L}^{2}}$ norm of the polynomials. A similar characterization is given for the discrete $q$-ultraspherical polynomials. A new proof of the evaluation of the connection coefficients for big $q$-Jacobi polynomials is given.

Let $\mathfrak{g}\,=\,{{\oplus }_{i\in \mathbb{Z}}}{{\mathfrak{g}}_{i}}$ be an infinite-dimensional graded Lie algebra, with dim ${{\mathfrak{g}}_{i}}\,<\,\infty $, equipped with a non-degenerate symmetric bilinear form $B$ of degree 0. The quantum Weil algebra ${{\hat{\mathcal{W}}}_{\mathfrak{g}}}$ is a completion of the tensor product of the enveloping and Clifford algebras of $\mathfrak{g}$. Provided that the Kac–Peterson class of $\mathfrak{g}$ vanishes, one can construct a cubic Dirac operator $\mathcal{D}\,\in \,\hat{\mathcal{W}}(\mathfrak{g})$, whose square is a quadratic Casimir element. We show that this condition holds for symmetrizable Kac– Moody algebras. Extending Kostant's arguments, one obtains generalized Weyl–Kac character formulas for suitable “equal rank” Lie subalgebras of Kac–Moody algebras. These extend the formulas of G. Landweber for affine Lie algebras.

We inspect the relationship between relative Fourier multipliers on noncommutative Lebesgue–Orlicz spaces of a discrete group $\Gamma$ and relative Toeplitz-Schur multipliers on Schatten–von-Neumann–Orlicz classes. Four applications are given: lacunary sets, unconditional Schauder bases for the subspace of a Lebesgue space determined by a given spectrum $\Lambda \,\subseteq \,\Gamma$, the norm of the Hilbert transformand the Riesz projection on Schatten–von-Neumann classes with exponent a power of 2, and the norm of Toeplitz Schur multipliers on Schatten–von-Neumann classes with exponent less than 1.

The non-archimedean power series spaces, ${{A}_{1}}(a)\,\text{and}\,{{A}_{\infty }}(b)$, are the best known and most important examples of non-archimedean nuclear Fréchet spaces. We prove that the range of every continuous linear map from ${{A}_{p}}(a)\,\text{to}\,{{A}_{q}}(b)$ has a Schauder basis if either $p\,=\,1$ or $p\,=\,\infty $ and the set ${{M}_{b,a}}$ of all bounded limit points of the double sequence (${{({{b}_{i}}/{{a}_{j}})}_{i,j\in \mathbb{N}}}$ is bounded. It follows that every complemented subspace of a power series space ${{A}_{p}}(a)$ has a Schauder basis if either $p\,=\,1$ or $p\,=\,\infty $ and the set ${{M}_{a,a}}$ is bounded.

Generalized étale homotopy pro-groups $\pi _{1}^{\acute{e}t}(C, x)$ associated with pointed, connected, small Grothendieck sites $(C, x)$ are defined, and their relationship to Galois theory and the theory of pointed torsors for discrete groups is explained.

Applications include new rigorous proofs of some folklore results around $\pi _{1}^{\acute{e}t}(\acute{e}t(X) x)$, a description of Grothendieck's short exact sequence for Galois descent in terms of pointed torsor trivializations, and a new étale van Kampen theorem that gives a simple statement about a pushout square of pro-groups that works for covering families that do not necessarily consist exclusively of monomorphisms. A corresponding van Kampen result for Grothendieck's profinite groups $\text{ }\!\!\pi\!\!\text{ }_{1}^{\text{Gal}}$ immediately follows.

Using standard transformation and summation formulas for basic hypergeometric series we obtain an explicit polynomial form of the $q$-analogue of the $\text{9-}\,j$ symbols, introduced by the author in a recent publication. We also consider a limiting case in which the $\text{9-}\,j$ symbol factors into two Hahn polynomials. The same factorization occurs in another limit case of the corresponding $q$-analogue.

We throw some light on the question: is there a MAD family (a maximal family of infinite subsets of $\mathbb{N}$, the intersection of any two is finite) that is saturated (=completely separable i.e., any $X\,\subseteq \,\mathbb{N}$ is included in a finite union of members of the family or includes a member (and even continuum many members) of the family). We prove that it is hard to prove the consistency of the negation:

(i) if ${{2}^{{{\aleph }_{0}}}}\,<\,{{\aleph }_{\omega }}$, then there is such a family;

(ii) if there is no such family, then some situation related to pcf holds whose consistency is large (and if ${{a}_{*}}\,>\,{{\aleph }_{1}}$ even unknown);

(iii) if, e.g., there is no inner model with measurables, then there is such a family.

In this paper we determine the limiting distributional behavior for sums of infinitesimal conditionally free random variables. We show that the weak convergence of classical convolution and that of conditionally free convolution are equivalent for measures in an infinitesimal triangular array, where the measures may have unbounded support. Moreover, we use these limit theorems to study the conditionally free infinite divisibility. These results are obtained by complex analytic methods without reference to the combinatorics of $\text{c}$-free convolution.