Poor weight gain in infants with single ventricle cardiac physiology between stage 1 and stage 2 palliative surgeries is associated with worse outcomes. The growth of infants with single ventricle physiology, enrolled in home monitoring programmes in the United Kingdom, has not been widely described.

To explore the growth of infants with single ventricle physiology supported by a home monitoring programme, at a tertiary centre in the South of England.

A retrospective review of two cohorts, comparing weight gain amongst infants with single ventricle physiology, before and following the implementation of a home monitoring programme. Inclusion was dependent on a diagnosis compatible with single ventricle physiology during the interstage.

Enrolment into a home monitoring programme (cohort 2) was associated with 55% more infants being discharged home during the interstage period (p < 0.05). Interstage mortality did not differ between cohorts. There were no differences in interstage growth velocity between cohorts (cohort 1 23.98 ± 11.7 g/day and cohort 2 23.82 ± 8.3 g/day); however, infants in cohort 2 experienced less growth deceleration early in life, and achieved catch-up growth at 12-23 months. Interstage nasogastric feeding, regardless of the cohort, was associated with worse growth outcomes.

A home monitoring programme for infants with single ventricle physiology provides the opportunity for infants to be safely discharged home to their families and cared for at home during the interstage. Infants in the home monitoring programme experienced better growth, achieving weight restoration at 12–23 months.

A series of webinars covering widespread knowledge on paediatric cardiology and cardiac surgery topics was initiated by Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology, serving towards preparation for the Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology certification in paediatric and congenital cardiology. This study investigated the impact of webinars as educational tools for junior paediatric cardiologists in the post-COVID-19 pandemic era.

A cross-sectional survey design study using an online survey as a tool for the assessment of trainees. An open and closed-ended SurveyMonkey questionnaire was used to document the learners’ opinions on webinars. Results were reported using descriptive statistical analyses.

Twenty-seven Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology junior members participated in the online survey from twelve different countries. Most of the participants were trainees in paediatric cardiology (56%), and the remainder were junior consultants in paediatric cardiology. Approximately 70% found no difficulties in participating in the webinars. The webinars were appreciated by participants, who found the webinars interactive and highly educational with contents highly applicable to everyday clinical practice. Significant heterogeneity emerged in training programmes across Europe and worldwide in terms of programme duration, number of fellows, teaching approach, and assessments. Training opportunities such as courses, grants, and more webinars were suggested as tools to support continuous learning by the Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology.

The Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology webinar series has confirmed the crucial role of online-based learning resources in the new generation of junior paediatric cardiologists. Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology webinars and the examination in paediatric cardiology may help standardise training across Europe, promoting the highest standards in patient care.

The COVID-19 pandemic presented unique challenges to global healthcare. Face-to-face outpatient care was dramatically reduced. This study implemented a remote consultation service via a mobile app (Pexip) to monitor patients with major CHD.

Study design was quasi-experimental and prospective.

Remote consultations were carried out at a tertiary paediatric cardiology centre in Northern Ireland.

Children with major CHD aged 0–16years in Northern Ireland.

The intervention was a Pexip-enabled remote consultation.

Primary outcome measures included the number of attendances to hospital both initiated and avoided via remote consultation. Remote consultations were conducted by doctor and/or cardiac specialist nurse or by specialist nurse alone (52% vs. 48%).

In the study, 32 patients enrolled; three were non-responders and a further two excluded. There were 201 remote consultations delivered (mean = 7.4). There were 12 admissions to hospital resulting from the remote consultation; the commonest indication was abnormal oxygen saturations (42%). There were 38 hospital attendances avoided, predominantly related to infant feeding and medication advice (both 42%).

A significant number of unnecessary hospital attendances were avoided (n = 38). Remote consultation technology proved a user-friendly and valuable adjunct to the provision of ongoing specialist patient care in challenging circumstances. There was a reduction in parental anxiety, and both parents and clinicians found this initiative beneficial to patient care. There was prompt identification of unwell children on remote consultations.

Procedure duration is an important predictor of patient outcomes in surgery. However, the relationship between procedure duration and adverse events in congenital cardiac catheterization is largely unexplored.

All cases entered into the Congenital Cardiac Catheterization Project on Outcomes from 2014 to 2017 were included. Cases were ordered from shortest to longest case length, minus time spent managing adverse events, for each case type. The outcomes, Level 3bc/4/5 and 4/5 adverse event rates, were calculated for cases above and below the 75th percentile for case length. To identify an independent relationship between case length and outcomes, the case length percentile was added to the CHARM II risk model.

Among 14,704 catheterizations, longer cases (>75th percentile for case length) had Level 4/5 rates that were 2.2% and 2.7% compared to cases ≤75th percentile with adverse event rates of 0.9% and 1.4% for diagnostic and interventional cases, respectively. Level 3bc/4/5 rates were 5.0% and 8.4% in longer cases compared to 2.4% and 5.4% for diagnostic and interventional cases, respectively. After adding case length to the CHARM II risk model, case length 50th–75th percentile had an odds ratio (OR) of 1.4, 75th–90th percentile an OR of 1.56, and >90th percentile an OR of 2.24 as compared to cases with case length <50th percentile (p ≤ 0.001 for all).

Longer case lengths are associated with clinically important and life-threatening adverse events in congenital cardiac catheterization, even after accounting for known risk factors. Case length may be an important target for future quality improvement work.

Ebstein’s anomaly represents 40% of congenital tricuspid valve abnormalities. Studies about paediatric Ebstein’s anomaly patients are limited.

To evaluate clinical characteristics, treatment (medical/arrhythmia ablation/surgical) results, and outcome of Ebstein’s anomaly patients, and to determine factors affecting arrhythmia presence and mortality.

Clinical data, echocardiography, treatment results, and outcomes of patients followed in our centre between 2000 and 2017 were retrospectively evaluated.

A total of 79 patients (61 children, median diagnosis age: 1.5 years [1 day–24 years]) were included. Eight patients (10.1%) were deceased during the study period. Common associated anomalies were atrial septal defect/patent foramen ovale (56.9%), mitral regurgitation (25.3%), pulmonary stenosis/atresia (17.7%), and ventricular septal defect (16.5%). Genetic diseases/congenital anomalies were present in 5/3.8%. Tricuspid regurgitation was present in 75.9%, and severe in 50%. Arrhythmias were detected in 30.4%, and accessory pathway-mediated re-entrant tachycardia was the most common (67%). Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome was present in 12.7%. Twenty-one ablation procedures (radiofrequency ablation [85.7%]/cryoablation [14.3%]) were performed in 16 patients (median age: 13.3 years [4.9–17]). Acute success/recurrence rates: 87.5/25%. Surgery was performed in 31.6% (median age: 6.5 years [4 days–29 years]), 7.6% were operated during the first month, and 12.6% during the first year. Second surgery was required in 28%. Perioperative mortality rate was 12%, and median mortality age was 25 days (1 day–17 years). Median follow-up period was 5.3 years (1 day–32 years). Older diagnosis age (p = 0.005) and mild-moderate mitral regurgitation (p = 0.036) were associated with arrhythmias. Younger age at diagnosis (p = 0.012), younger age at first surgery (p = 0.004), surgery before age three years (p = 0.037), and presence of pulmonary atresia (p = 0.000014) were associated with mortality. Gender, diagnosis age, congenital anomalies/genetic disorders, tricuspid regurgitation, arrhythmias, and surgery history did not have an independent effect on survival.

In children and young adults presenting with Ebstein’s anomaly, younger age at presentation and at surgery, surgery before age three years, pulmonary atresia were associated with death. Ablation procedures can be successfully performed but recurrence rate is still high.

The delivery of paediatric cardiac care across the world occurs in settings with significant variability in available resources. Irrespective of the resources locally available, we must always strive to improve the quality of care we provide to our patients and simultaneously deliver such care in the most efficient and cost-effective manner. The development of cardiac networks is used widely to achieve these aims.

This paper reports three talks presented during the 56th meeting of the Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology held in Dublin in April 2023.

The three talks describe how centres of congenital cardiac excellence can be developed in low-income countries, middle-income countries, and well-resourced environments, and also reports how centres across different countries can come together to collaborate and deliver high-quality care. It is a fact that barriers to creating effective networks may arise from competition that may exist among programmes in unregulated and especially privatised health care environments. Nevertheless, reflecting on the creation of networks has important implications because collaboration between different centres can facilitate the maintenance of sustainable programmes of paediatric and congenital cardiac care.

This article examines the delivery of paediatric and congenital cardiac care in resource limited environments, well-resourced environments, and within collaborative networks, with the hope that the lessons learned from these examples can be helpful to other institutions across the world. It is important to emphasise that irrespective of the differences in resources across different continents, the critical principles underlying provision of excellent care in different environments remain the same.

To assess the prevalence of obesity and investigate any changes in body mass index in children with CHD compared to age-matched healthy controls, in Southwestern Ontario.

The body mass index z-scores of 1259 children (aged 2–18) with CHD were compared with 2037 healthy controls. The body mass index z-scores of children who presented to our paediatric cardiology outpatient clinic from 2018 to 2021 were compared with previously collected data from 2008 to 2010. A longitudinal analysis of patients with data in both cohorts was also completed.

In total, 21.4% of patients with CHD and 26.6% of healthy controls were found to be overweight or obese (p < 0.001). The 2018–2021 cohort of CHD patients and controls had significantly higher body mass index z-scores compared to the 2008–2010 cohort (p < 0.001). Longitudinal analysis showed that body mass index z-scores significantly increased over time for CHD patients with data in both cohorts (2018–2021: M = 0.59, SD = 1.26; 2008–2010: M = −0.04, SD = 1.05; p < 0.001).

The prevalence of obesity in all children, irrespective of CHD, is rising. The coexistence of obesity and CHD may pose additional cardiovascular risks and complications.

Syncope is common among pediatric patients and is rarely pathologic. The mechanisms for symptoms during exercise are less well understood than the resting mechanisms. Additionally, inert gas rebreathing analysis, a non-invasive examination of haemodynamics including cardiac output, has not previously been studied in youth with neurocardiogenic syncope.

This was a retrospective (2017–2023), single-center cohort study in pediatric patients ≤ 21 years with prior peri-exertional syncope evaluated with echocardiography and cardiopulmonary exercise testing with inert gas rebreathing analysis performed on the same day. Patients with and without symptoms during or immediately following exercise were noted.

Of the 101 patients (15.2 ± 2.3 years; 31% male), there were 22 patients with symptoms during exercise testing or recovery. Resting echocardiography stroke volume correlated with resting (r = 0.53, p < 0.0001) and peak stroke volume (r = 0.32, p = 0.009) by inert gas rebreathing and with peak oxygen pulse (r = 0.61, p < 0.0001). Patients with syncopal symptoms peri-exercise had lower left ventricular end-diastolic volume (Z-score –1.2 ± 1.3 vs. –0.36 ± 1.3, p = 0.01) and end-systolic volume (Z-score –1.0 ± 1.4 vs. −0.1 ± 1.1, p = 0.001) by echocardiography, lower percent predicted peak oxygen pulse during exercise (95.5 ± 14.0 vs. 104.6 ± 18.5%, p = 0.04), and slower post-exercise heart rate recovery (31.0 ± 12.7 vs. 37.8 ± 13.2 bpm, p = 0.03).

Among youth with a history of peri-exertional syncope, those who become syncopal with exercise testing have lower left ventricular volumes at rest, decreased peak oxygen pulse, and slower heart rate recovery after exercise than those who remain asymptomatic. Peak oxygen pulse and resting stroke volume on inert gas rebreathing are associated with stroke volume on echocardiogram.