We consider a model for the evolution of damage in elastic materials originally proposed by Michel Frémond. For the corresponding PDE system, we prove existence and uniqueness of a local in time strong solution. The main novelty of our result stands in the fact that, differently from previous contributions, we assume no occurrence of any type of regularising terms.

Mean-field games (MFGs) and the best-reply strategy (BRS) are two methods of describing competitive optimisation of systems of interacting agents. The latter can be interpreted as an approximation of the respective MFG system. In this paper, we present an analysis and comparison of the two approaches in the stationary case. We provide novel existence and uniqueness results for the stationary boundary value problems related to the MFG and BRS formulations, and we present an analytical and numerical comparison of the two paradigms in some specific modelling situations.

The dynamics of the fragmentation equation with size diffusion is investigated when the size ranges in $(0,\infty)$ . The associated linear operator involves three terms and can be seen as a nonlocal perturbation of a Schrödinger operator. A Miyadera perturbation argument is used to prove that it is the generator of a positive, analytic semigroup on a weighted $L_1$ -space. Moreover, if the overall fragmentation rate does not vanish at infinity, then there is a unique stationary solution with given mass. Assuming further that the overall fragmentation rate diverges to infinity for large sizes implies the immediate compactness of the semigroup and that it eventually stabilizes at an exponential rate to a one-dimensional projection carrying the information of the mass of the initial value.

The classical half-line Robin problem for the heat equation may be solved via a spatial Fourier transform method. In this work, we study the problem in which the static Robin condition $$bq(0,t) + {q_x}(0,t) = 0$$ is replaced with a dynamic Robin condition; $$b = b(t)$$ is allowed to vary in time. Applications include convective heating by a corrosive liquid. We present a solution representation and justify its validity, via an extension of the Fokas transform method. We show how to reduce the problem to a variable coefficient fractional linear ordinary differential equation for the Dirichlet boundary value. We implement the fractional Frobenius method to solve this equation and justify that the error in the approximate solution of the original problem converges appropriately. We also demonstrate an argument for existence and unicity of solutions to the original dynamic Robin problem for the heat equation. Finally, we extend these results to linear evolution equations of arbitrary spatial order on the half-line, with arbitrary linear dynamic boundary conditions.

We consider patterns formed in a two-dimensional thin film on a planar substrate with a Derjaguin disjoining pressure and periodic wettability stripes. We rigorously clarify some of the results obtained numerically by Honisch et al. [Langmuir 31: 10618–10631, 2015] and embed them in the general theory of thin-film equations. For the case of constant wettability, we elucidate the change in the global structure of branches of steady-state solutions as the average film thickness and the surface tension are varied. Specifically we find, by using methods of local bifurcation theory and the continuation software package AUTO, both nucleation and metastable regimes. We discuss admissible forms of spatially non-homogeneous disjoining pressure, arguing for a form that differs from the one used by Honisch et al., and study the dependence of the steady-state solutions on the wettability contrast in that case.

In this paper, we derive and analyse mean-field models for the dynamics of groups of individuals undergoing a random walk. The random motion of individuals is only influenced by the perceived densities of the different groups present as well as the available space. All individuals have the tendency to stay within their own group and avoid the others. These interactions lead to the formation of aggregates in case of a single species and to segregation in the case of multiple species. We derive two different mean-field models, which are based on these interactions and weigh local and non-local effects differently. We discuss existence and stability properties of solutions for both models and illustrate the rich dynamics with numerical simulations.

We consider a spherical particle levitating above a liquid bath owing to the Leidenfrost effect, where the vapour of either the bath or sphere forms an insulating film whose pressure supports the sphere’s weight. Starting from a reduced formulation based on a lubrication-type approximation, we use matched asymptotics to describe the morphology of the vapour film assuming that the sphere is small relative to the capillary length (small Bond number) and that the densities of the bath and sphere are comparable. We find that this regime is comprised of two formally infinite sequences of distinguished limits which meet at an accumulation point, the limits being defined by the smallness of an intrinsic evaporation number relative to the Bond number. These sequences of limits reveal a surprisingly intricate evolution of the film morphology with increasing sphere size. Initially, the vapour film transitions from a featureless morphology, where the thickness profile is parabolic, to a neck–bubble morphology, which consists of a uniform pressure bubble bounded by a narrow and much thinner annular neck. Gravity effects then become important in the bubble leading to sequential formation of increasingly smaller neck–bubble pairs near the symmetry axis. This process terminates when the pairs closest to the symmetry axis become indistinguishable and merge. Subsequently, the inner section of that merger transitions into a uniform-thickness film that expands radially, gradually squishing increasingly larger neck–bubble pairs into a region of localised oscillations sandwiched between the uniform film and what remains of the bubble whose radial extent is presently comparable to the uniform film; the neck–bubble pairs farther from the axis remain essentially intact. Ultimately, the uniform film gobbles up the largest outermost bubble, whereby the morphology simplifies to a uniform film bounded by localised oscillations. Overall, the asymptotic analysis describes the continuous evolution of the vapour film from a neck–bubble morphology typical of a Leidenfrost drop levitating above a flat solid substrate to a uniform-film morphology which resembles that in the case of a large liquid drop levitating above a liquid bath.

This work studies functional difference equations of the second order with a potential belonging to a special class of meromorphic functions. The equations depend on a spectral parameter. Consideration of this type of equations is motivated by applications in diffraction theory and by construction of eigenfunctions for the Laplace operator in angular domains. In particular, such eigenfunctions describe eigenoscillations of acoustic waves in angular domains with ‘semitransparent’ boundary conditions. For negative values of the spectral parameter, we study essential and discrete spectrum of the equations and describe properties of the corresponding solutions. The study is based on the reduction of the functional difference equations to integral equations with a symmetric kernel. A sufficient condition is formulated for the potential that ensures existence of the discrete spectrum. The obtained results are applied for studying the behaviour of eigenfunctions for the Laplace operator in adjacent angular domains with the Robin-type boundary conditions on their common boundary. At infinity, the eigenfunctions vanish exponentially as was expected. However, the rate of such decay depends on the observation direction. In particular, in a vicinity of some directions, the regime of decay is switched from one to another and such asymptotic behaviour is described by a Fresnel-type integral.

A Doyle–Fuller–Newman (DFN) model for the charge and discharge of nano-structured lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cathodes is formulated on the basis that lithium transport within the nanoscale LFP electrode particles is much faster than cell discharge, and is therefore not rate limiting. We present some numerical solutions to the model and show that for relevant parameter values, and a variety of C-rates, it is possible for sharp discharge fronts to form and intrude into the electrode from its outer edge(s). These discharge fronts separate regions of fully utilised LFP electrode particles from those that are not. Motivated by this observation an asymptotic solution to the model is sought. The results of the asymptotic analysis of the DFN model lead to a reduced order model, which we term the reaction front model (or RFM). Favourable agreement is shown between solutions to the RFM and the full DFN model in appropriate parameter regimes. The RFM is significantly cheaper to solve than the DFN model, and therefore has the potential to be used in scenarios where computational costs are prohibitive, e.g. in optimisation and parameter estimation problems or in engineering control systems.

This paper is concerned with the asymptotic propagations for a nonlocal dispersal population model with shifting habitats. In particular, we verify that the invading speed of the species is determined by the speed c of the shifting habitat edge and the behaviours near infinity of the species’ growth rate which is nondecreasing along the positive spatial direction. In the case where the species declines near the negative infinity, we conclude that extinction occurs if c > c*(∞), while c < c*(∞), spreading happens with a leftward speed min{−c, c*(∞)} and a rightward speed c*(∞), where c*(∞) is the minimum KPP travelling wave speed associated with the species’ growth rate at the positive infinity. The same scenario will play out for the case where the species’ growth rate is zero at negative infinity. In the case where the species still grows near negative infinity, we show that the species always survives ‘by moving’ with the rightward spreading speed being either c*(∞) or c*(−∞) and the leftward spreading speed being one of c*(∞), c*(−∞) and −c, where c*(−∞) is the minimum KPP travelling wave speed corresponding to the growth rate at the negative infinity. Finally, we give some numeric simulations and discussions to present and explain the theoretical results. Our results indicate that there may exists a solution like a two-layer wave with the propagation speeds analytically determined for such type of nonlocal dispersal equations.

Multi-compartment models described by systems of linear ordinary differential equations are considered. Catenary models are a particular class where the compartments are arranged in a chain. A unified methodology based on the Laplace transform is utilised to solve direct and inverse problems for multi-compartment models. Explicit formulas for the parameters in a catenary model are obtained in terms of the roots of elementary symmetric polynomials. A method to estimate parameters for a general multi-compartment model is also provided. Results of numerical simulations are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the approach.

Self-exciting point processes have been proposed as models for the location of criminal events in space and time. Here we consider the case where the triggering function is isotropic and takes a non-parametric form that is determined from data. We pay special attention to normalisation issues and to the choice of spatial distance measure, thereby extending the current methodology. After validating these ideas on synthetic data, we perform inference and prediction tests on public domain burglary data from Chicago. We show that the algorithmic advances that we propose lead to improved predictive accuracy.

We consider the no-flux initial-boundary value problem for the cross-diffusive evolution system:

\begin{eqnarray*} \left\{ \begin{array}{ll} u_t = u_{xx} - \chi \big(\frac{u}{v} \partial_x v \big)_x - uv +B_1(x,t), \qquad & x\in \Omega, \ t>0, \\[1mm] v_t = v_{xx} +uv - v + B_2(x,t), \qquad & x\in \Omega, \ t>0, \end{array} \right. \end{eqnarray*}

$\chi=2$

In bounded intervals $\Omega\subset\mathbb{R}$ and with prescribed suitably regular non-negative functions $B_1$ and $B_2$ , we first prove the existence of global classical solutions for any choice of $\chi>0$ and all reasonably regular non-negative initial data.

We next address the issue of determining the qualitative behaviour of solutions under appropriate assumptions on the asymptotic properties of $B_1$ and $B_2$ . Indeed, for arbitrary $\chi>0$ , we obtain boundedness of the solutions given strict positivity of the average of $B_2$ over the domain; moreover, it is seen that imposing a mild decay assumption on $B_1$ implies that u must decay to zero in the long-term limit. Our final result, valid for all $\chi\in\left(0,\frac{\sqrt{6\sqrt{3}+9}}{2}\right),$ which contains the relevant value $\chi=2$ , states that under the above decay assumption on $B_1$ , if furthermore $B_2$ appropriately stabilises to a non-trivial function $B_{2,\infty}$ , then (u,v) approaches the limit $(0,v_\infty)$ , where $v_\infty$ denotes the solution of

\begin{eqnarray*} \left\{ \begin{array}{l} -\partial_{xx}v_\infty + v_\infty = B_{2,\infty}, \qquad x\in \Omega, \\[1mm] \partial_x v_{\infty}=0, \qquad x\in\partial\Omega. \end{array} \right. \end{eqnarray*}

$\chi$

$\chi$

Cells and organisms follow aligned structures in their environment, a process that can generate persistent migration paths. Kinetic transport equations are a popular modelling tool for describing biological movements at the mesoscopic level, yet their formulations usually assume a constant turning rate. Here we relax this simplification, extending to include a turning rate that varies according to the anisotropy of a heterogeneous environment. We extend known methods of parabolic and hyperbolic scaling and apply the results to cell movement on micropatterned domains. We show that inclusion of orientation dependence in the turning rate can lead to persistence of motion in an otherwise fully symmetric environment and generate enhanced diffusion in structured domains.

An analysis is undertaken of the formation and stability of localised patterns in a 1D Schanckenberg model, with source terms in both the activator and inhibitor fields. The aim is to illustrate the connection between semi-strong asymptotic analysis and the theory of localised pattern formation within a pinning region created by a subcritical Turing bifurcation. A two-parameter bifurcation diagram of homogeneous, periodic and localised patterns is obtained numerically. A natural asymptotic scaling for semi-strong interaction theory is found where an activator source term \[a = O(\varepsilon )\] and the inhibitor source \[b = O({\varepsilon ^2})\], with ε2 being the diffusion ratio. The theory predicts a fold of spike solutions leading to onset of localised patterns upon increase of b from zero. Non-local eigenvalue arguments show that both branches emanating from the fold are unstable, with the higher intensity branch becoming stable through a Hopf bifurcation as b increases beyond the \[O(\varepsilon )\] regime. All analytical results are found to agree with numerics. In particular, the asymptotic expression for the fold is found to be accurate beyond its region of validity, and its extension into the pinning region is found to form the low b boundary of the so-called homoclinic snaking region. Further numerical results point to both sub and supercritical Hopf bifurcation and novel spikeinsertion dynamics.

The Neumann–Poincaré (NP) operator, a singular integral operator on the boundary of a domain, naturally appears when one solves a conductivity transmission problem via the boundary integral formulation. Recently, a series expression of the NP operator was developed in two dimensions based on geometric function theory [34]. In this paper, we investigate geometric properties of composite materials using this series expansion. In particular, we obtain explicit formulas for the polarisation tensor and the effective conductivity for an inclusion or a periodic array of inclusions of arbitrary shape with extremal conductivity, in terms of the associated exterior conformal mapping. Also, we observe by numerical computations that the spectrum of the NP operator has a monotonic behaviour with respect to the shape deformation of the inclusion. Additionally, we derive inequality relations of the coefficients of the Riemann mapping of an arbitrary Lipschitz domain using the properties of the polarisation tensor corresponding to the domain.

In this paper, we study the initial-boundary value problem of a repulsion Keller–Segel system with a logarithmic sensitivity modelling the reinforced random walk. By establishing an energy–dissipation identity, we prove the existence of classical solutions in two dimensions as well as existence of weak solutions in the three-dimensional setting. Moreover, it is shown that the weak solutions enjoy an eventual regularity property, i.e., it becomes regular after certain time T > 0. An exponential convergence rate towards the spatially homogeneous steady states is obtained as well. We adopt a new approach developed recently by the author to study the eventual regularity. The argument is based on observation of the exponential stability of constant solutions in scaling-invariant spaces together with certain dissipative property of the global solutions in the same spaces.

We consider a model for the dynamics of growing cell populations with heterogeneous mobility and proliferation rate. The cell phenotypic state is described by a continuous structuring variable and the evolution of the local cell population density function (i.e. the cell phenotypic distribution at each spatial position) is governed by a non-local advection–reaction–diffusion equation. We report on the results of numerical simulations showing that, in the case where the cell mobility is bounded, compactly supported travelling fronts emerge. More mobile phenotypic variants occupy the front edge, whereas more proliferative phenotypic variants are selected at the back of the front. In order to explain such numerical results, we carry out formal asymptotic analysis of the model equation using a Hamilton–Jacobi approach. In summary, we show that the locally dominant phenotypic trait (i.e. the maximum point of the local cell population density function along the phenotypic dimension) satisfies a generalised Burgers’ equation with source term, we construct travelling-front solutions of such transport equation and characterise the corresponding minimal speed. Moreover, we show that, when the cell mobility is unbounded, front edge acceleration and formation of stretching fronts may occur. We briefly discuss the implications of our results in the context of glioma growth.

A spectral method is developed to study the steady and unsteady flow of fluid into a line sink from a horizontally confined aquifer, and the results are compared to solutions obtained implementing the finite element package COMSOLTM. The aquifer or drain is considered to be confined below so that the solutions are fundamentally unsteady. Comparison is made between the two methods in determining the drawdown of the surface.

Delayed production can substantially alter the qualitative behaviour of feedback systems. Motivated by stochastic mechanisms in gene expression, we consider a protein molecule which is produced in randomly timed bursts, requires an exponentially distributed time to activate and then partakes in positive regulation of its burst frequency. Asymptotically analysing the underlying master equation in the large-delay regime, we provide tractable approximations to time-dependent probability distributions of molecular copy numbers. Importantly, the presented analysis demonstrates that positive feedback systems with large production delays can constitute a stable toggle switch even if they operate with low copy numbers of active molecules.