Thermochemical interactions between calcium–magnesium–aluminosilicate (CMAS) glass and an environmental barrier coating of ytterbium disilicate (Yb2Si2O7) and ytterbium monosilicate (Yb2SiO5) were investigated. Top coats were deposited by plasma spray-physical vapor deposition onto silicon carbide substrates. CMAS powder was prepared as a glass and cast into a tape to yield a CMAS loading of ~29 mg/cm2. Samples were heat treated with CMAS at 1300 °C for 1–10 h or at 1400 °C for 1 h in air. Polished specimen cross-sections were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy to evaluate resulting microstructures, phases, and compositions at CMAS/Yb2Si2O7 interfaces. Coatings exposed at 1300 °C—10 h and 1400 °C—1 h were fully infiltrated and compromised by CMAS. Dissolution of ytterbium silicate into molten CMAS followed by precipitation of cyclosilicate, silicocarnotite, and Yb2Si2O7 at 1300 °C and Yb2Si2O7 at 1400 °C enabled CMAS to effectively infiltrate top coats, rendering the predominantly Yb2Si2O7 coating ineffective at arresting molten CMAS degradation.

The tensile yield strength of high-density polyethylene using instrumented indentation tests with a flat-ended cylindrical indenter was evaluated. The variation in the field expressed by stress and strain beneath the flat-ended cylindrical indenter is investigated using a new expanding cavity model to study the relation between tension and indentation. This model starts from the separation of forces into the compressive force on the material and the frictional one, which is generated during indentation on the sides of indenter. The authors propose a method to correct the frictional force based on the saturation of indentation hardening and obtain load–depth curve with compressive component only. For conversion of indentation force and displacement, our new representation model is applied. By modifying Johnson's model, the new assumption of conservation of indentation plastic volume is suggested. This model proves and supports conventional relations of the strain rates between indentation and tension theoretically. These are verified through the experiments: instrumented indentation and uniaxial tensile test. The authors find a good agreement between the tensile yield strengths at various strain rates.

The thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) of nano-B4C having 50 nm mean particle size was measured as a function of applied direct current (DC) electric field strength varying from 0 to 12.7 V/mm and over a temperature range from 298 K up to 1273 K. The TEC exhibits a linear variation with temperature despite being measured over a range that is well below 50% of B4C’s normal melting temperature. The zeroth- and first-order TEC coefficients under zero-field condition are 4.8220 ± 0.009 × 10−6 K−1 and 1.462 ± 0.004 × 10−9 K−1, respectively. Both TECs exhibit applied DC electric field dependence. The higher the applied field strength, the steeper the linear thermal expansion response in nano-B4C, which suggests that the applied field affects the curvature of the interatomic potentials at the equilibrium bond length at a given temperature. No anisotropic thermal expansion with and without applied electric field was observed, although nano-B4C has a rhombohedral unit cell symmetry. The rhombohedral unit cell angle was determined as δR= 65.7046° (0.0007), and it remains unaffected by a change in temperature and applied electric field strength, which we attribute to B4C nanoparticle size and its carbon saturation.

LiMnxCoyNi1−x−yO2 (LMCNO) has been broadly investigated and commercialized primarily as lithium ion battery (LIB) cathodes, owing to its high operating voltage, large energy density, and superior electronic conductivity. However, poor cycling stability induced by the rapid structure degradation limits their further development. Coating is regarded as a very effective strategy to address the problem of structure degradation. Regrettably, the coating layers obtained by traditional methods are usually thick, which is not appropriate for delivering of integrated performance. As an emerging coating technology, atomic layer deposition (ALD) demonstrates immeasurable advantages in deposition of ultrathin coating materials because of its atomic-level precision, and has been widely applied in construction of the coating layers on LMCNO substrate materials. Herein, we firstly outline the development and mechanism of ALD technology, and then systematically summarize intrinsic reasons for the enhanced electrochemical performance. Finally, we propose new insights toward designing and preparing the coating structure of LMCNO cathodes by controllable ALD for the next-generation LIBs.

In the present paper, the authors investigated the microstructures and mechanical properties of dual-phase Co–Ti–V-based superalloys with different additions of Ru. The results showed that with the increase of Ru contents, the size of γ′ precipitates of the alloy gradually raised, the volume fraction of γ′ phase slightly, and the lattice misfit between γ/γ′ phases increased. Ru was enriched in the γ′ phase, and the elemental partition coefficients (KX = Cγ′/Cγ) of Ti and V increased with the increment of Ru. The Ru contents have no remarkable influence on the solvus temperatures of γ′ in the Co–Ti–V alloys. The yield strength at 1000 °C of the Co–10Ti–11V–0.5Ru alloy was the highest, while the yield strength of the 1Ru alloy was the smallest. Transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy observations showed that the γ′ shape in the compressed specimen containing 0.5Ru remain integrated, while the γ′ in other alloys were cut into several parts.

In this study, uniaxial tensile loading simulations were performed on several single crystalline copper nanoporous (NP) structures with varying relative density (RD) via molecular dynamics simulations. From the results, two distinctive deformation patterns were observed: structures with a low RD went through coarsening, and structures with a high RD did not. During coarsening, dislocations are nucleated because of the high surface stress induced by the thin ligaments. These dislocations drive the merging of ligaments as well as nodes and lead to an increase in the differences between the size of nodes and ligaments. The disproportional nodes and ligaments result in a lowered strength. In addition, larger nodes provide more favorable circumstances for the formation of sessile dislocations, which hinder the movement of other propagating Shockley partials and result in strain hardening. Subsequently, lower RD structures offer anomalously high strain-hardening potential, whereas high RD structures show better strength but poor deformability. These results help us in better understanding the plastic behavior of NP structures as a function of their RD.

Recently, organic–inorganic hybrid metal halide perovskite (O-IHMHP) has been diffusely used in solar cells due to its remarkable photoelectric property and inexpensive film-forming process. Since organic–inorganic hybrid metal halide perovskite solar cells (O-IHMHPSCs) were introduced in 2009, their photoelectric conversion efficiency has been increased to 25.2%, and their lifespan has been extended to tens of thousands of hours. However, due to processing factors, defects consist in the interfaces of O-IHMHP with the electron transport layer and the hole transport layer. To improve the stability and property of O-IHMHPSCs, these defects must be addressed; to do so, passivation is commonly applied at the interface. This work reviews research on the interface passivation of O-IHMHPSCs. Here, the passivation mechanisms of different additives on the interface defects of O-IHMHP films are analyzed, their impacts on the stability and property of O-IHMHPSCs are compared, and their roles in O-IHMHPSCs are summarized. Finally, the research and development trends of the defect passivation of O-IHMHPSCs are discussed.

Using evanescent wave (EW)–based optical detection methods coupled with video microscopy, we investigated in situ trajectories, diffusion, and interaction energies of ∼140 nm ceria particles near a glass surface at pH 3, 5, and 7. Trajectories of a single ceria particle in a 2D (x–y) plane were obtained by linking its time-sequenced positions. Diffusion coefficients of several single ceria particles were calculated from their respective mean-square displacement (MSD) versus time curves, and the results were interpreted based on the interaction potential energy curves obtained from Boltzmann statistics of the EW scattering intensity fluctuations of the particles. The types and characteristics of particle motions were determined by analyzing the MSD curves. Whereas both confined or subdiffusive and Brownian motions of the particles were observed at pH 7, only confined motion was seen at pH 3 and 5, and their corresponding diffusion coefficients are similar to those reported by several authors.

Herein, we report a synthetic route capable of producing superparamagnetic, stable and biocompatible glucosamine (GLU) nanocarriers, composed by colloidal iron oxide nanoparticles (ION, ~6 nm) surface-functionalized with GLU dispersed in physiological media (pH 7.2). The route consists first of the preparation of ION by aqueous alkaline co-precipitation of 1:2 Fe(II)/Fe(III) followed by surface treatment with citric acid, activation of acidic groups via carbodiimide intermediary and further amidation using GLU as the amine reactant. Results from cell viability tests performed with human dental pulp tissue cells suggest that ION–GLU nanocolloids are biocompatible and non-toxic for two different concentrations and several hours of incubation. Moreover, optical microscopy shows that ION–GLU adsorbs at the cells walls and also transposes them, reaching cytoplasm and nucleus as well. All findings point out the promising use of ION–GLU as biocompatible nanocarriers for GLU delivery such as in articulation diseases.

Nanosized, well-dispersed titania particles were synthesized via a hydrothermal method using multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as structural modifiers during the nucleation process to decrease aggregation. Synthesized TiO2/MWCNT composites containing different amounts of MWCNTs were characterized using N2 physisorption, XRD, spectroscopic techniques (Raman, UV-visible, and X-ray photoelectron), and electron microscopy to illuminate the morphology, crystal structure, and surface chemistry of the composites. Photocatalytic performance was evaluated by measuring the degradation of acetaldehyde in a batch reactor under UV illumination. Average rate constants decrease in the following order: TiO2/MWCNT-1% > TiO2 > TiO2/MWCNT-5%. Addition of MWCNTs beyond the optimum loading ratio of 1:100 (MWCNT:TiO2) diminishes the effectiveness of the photocatalyst and the synergistic effect between MWCNTs and TiO2. The primary mechanism for photocatalytic activity enhancement in TiO2/MWCNT-1% is thought to be due to increased porosity, hydroxyl enrichment on the surface, and high dispersion of TiO2 particles.

Calcium–magnesium–alumino-silicate (CMAS) reaction and infiltration behavior were studied in phase pure and mixed phase ytterbium silicate environmental-barrier coating (EBC) materials at 1300 °C. Phase pure Yb2Si2O7 (YbDS) was infiltrated by CMAS via grain boundaries/pores, resulting in loss of its structural integrity. Phase pure Yb2SiO5 (YbMS) reacted with CMAS to form either apatite (Ca2Yb8(SiO4)6O2) or YbDS, depending on the initial glass composition. Both reactions in YbMS slowed infiltration kinetics considerably compared to YbDS. Samples having a YbDS matrix with controlled amounts and dispersions of YbMS were also investigated as a model for air plasma spray coatings. Samples containing ≥20 vol% coarse YbMS showed dramatically improved infiltration behavior compared to phase pure YbDS. YbDS samples containing a fine dispersion of YbMS displayed a new mode of CMAS attack in which glass spread on the sample surfaces. The results of this study suggest that EBC phase compositions and microstructures may be tailored for optimized CMAS resistance.

Microstructural evolution of Cu–Nb oxide nanocomposite alloys during ball milling is investigated using a two-step ball-milling approach. In the first step, Cu and Nb powders are milled to create a two-phase alloy comprising a Cu-rich matrix containing a high density of 20- to 30-nm Nb precipitates. In the second step, this nanocomposite is co-milled with CuO, resulting in the reduction of CuO and the oxidation of the Nb nanoprecipitates. Transmission electron microscopy characterization shows that three distinct types of Nb oxide precipitates evolve at different levels of strain. First, nanocrystalline NbO particles (∼10 nm) are formed by dissolved Nb in Cu reacting with oxygen evolved from the CuO. Next, the Nb nanoprecipitates in Cu further reduce CuO to form Nb/Nb oxide and NbO/Nb oxide core–shell inclusions (20–30 nm). These inclusions coalesce during additional milling to form amorphous Nb oxide agglomerates (>700 nm after 50 h). The growth of Nb precipitates during step-one milling, the initial growth of NbO nanoparticles, and the formation of core–shell Nb oxide precipitates during step-two milling are attributed to the convective transport of atoms and clusters combined with shear-induced agglomeration.

The multidrug resistance (MDR) is a widely observed phenotype that contributed to the major obstacle of impairing the outcome of cancer chemotherapy. With the aim to reverse MDR in the breast cancer cell line, the autophagy-related 7 (ATG7) small interfering RNA (siRNA) capable of downregulating the cellular autophagy level was loaded into a cationic nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) with doxorubicin (Dox) to build a platform (NLC/D-R) for effective chemotherapy of breast cancer. Our results revealed that NLC/D-R was well-dispersed nanoparticles with satisfy protection to siRNA. In addition, NLC/D-R also exerted a sufficient drug release of both cargos under an acidic environment with high stability and biocompatibility at the physiological environment. Furthermore, NLC/D-R showed a preferable transfection profile to PEI 25k. The downregulated autophagy level in NLCF-7/Adr cells resulted in reverse of MDR and accumulated Dox retention in cells. The in vitro cytotoxicity using both cells on flat surfaces and multicellular tumor spheroid (NLCTS) model confirmed that NLC/D-R showed much elevated anticancer performance than NLC/Dox or NLC/siRNA, which suggested the synergistic effect between anti-autophagy and chemotherapy.

Tungsten (W) alloy is of difficulty in processing for conventional way because of its high melting point. Here, W alloy sample with the addition of 3 wt% Ta was prepared by selective laser melting. The influence of volumetric energy density (VED) on the surface morphology and the relative density was discussed, and microstructure, phase composition, and microhardness were investigated. The results show that a smooth surface and high relative density (95.79%) can be obtained under optimal VED. The W–Ta substitutional solid solution formed because of the replacement of Ta atom. There are strip and block fine grains in the W–3Ta sample with no significant texture. In addition, subgrain structure with a size of around 1 μm formed inside the strip grain, owing to the large thermal gradient and extremely fast cooling rate. Finally, the W–3Ta alloy shows higher microhardness than that obtained by traditional methods.

In the present study, the effect of Al addition on microstructure evolution, mechanical properties, and wear performances of a newly developed Ni–Si-containing complex brass was studied. The results showed that with increasing Al content from 0 to 3 wt%, the corresponding strengthening phase evolves from δ-Ni2Si to [Ni(Al)]2Si phases. Simultaneously, it is of great interest that the increasing Al addition also brings about a remarkable change in morphology of the secondary strengthening phase from dendrite and thin rod to regular block. Additionally, the hardness, yield strength and tensile strength of complex brass effectively increase with increasing Al content, and the fracture mechanism transforms from cleavage failure and microvoids accumulation fracture to cleavage failure. It was also found that the brass with adding 3 wt% Al exhibits the solidification microstructure with the uniform distribution of the block-shaped strengthening phase and has the best wear resistance. This present study provides a potential strategy for further improving the comprehensive performance of existing complex brass.

Recent trends in the area of catalytic applications of metal–organic framework (MOF)-derived nanocarbons are covered. These highly porous nanostructures, convenient for the green chemistry processes, are generally formed by the direct carbonization of a variety of MOF, mainly MOF-5, ZIF-8, ZIF-67, UiO-66-NH2, MIL-101-NH2 at 700–1000 °C in argon or nitrogen flow. Differences between conventional porous carbons and MOF-derived carbons are in pore volumes, surface area, and presence of ad-atoms. The morphology of the MOF-derived nanocarbons can be adjustable with uniform dopant distribution. Resulting nanocarbons are widely applied in heterogeneous catalysis, photocatalysis and are very promising as electrocatalysts, having excellent performance in oxygen evolution reaction, oxygen reduction reaction, and hydrogen evolution reaction. Catalytic applications for environmental purposes are also discussed. Good catalytic performance is related with highly dispersed heteroatoms, density of catalytic active sites, controllable porosity, and high surface area. Opportunities for further research are indicated, in particular, the creation of low pH-stable electrocatalysts and novel strategies for the preparation of 1÷3D single-atom catalysts.

Thermal conductivity behaviors are one of the most important evaluations of carbon fiber-reinforced carbon matrix (C/C) composites in the field of thermal protective structures. In order to deepen the understanding of the thermal conductivity behaviors of C/C composites, the out-of-plane thermal conductivity of C/C composites is studied by considering voids and the fiber volume fractions. The representative volume element (RVE) models of microscale and mesoscale are proposed. The parameters of the RVE models are captured by X-ray micro-computed tomography. The carbon matrix equivalent models and fiber volume fraction models along the z-direction were established. The effects of the porosity and fiber volume fraction along the z-direction on the thermal conductivity were analyzed. The proposed model was validated by experimental results at room temperature. Further, the numerical methods developed in this study can provide guidance for predicting the thermal conductivity of C/C composites with complex structures.

Capacitors represent the largest obstacle to dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) technology evolution because the capacitor properties govern the overall operational characteristics of DRAM devices. Moreover, only the atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique is used for the dielectric and electrode because of its extreme geometry. Various high-k materials deposited by ALD have been investigated for further scaling. Whereas past investigations focused on increasing the physical thickness of the dielectric to suppress leakage current, the physical thickness of the dielectric should also be limited to a few nanometers in design rules less than 1×-nm. Therefore, a new way to overcome the limitations of traditional approaches based on thorough understanding of high-k materials is highly recommended to enhance the properties of conventional materials and provide directions for developing new materials. In this review, previously reported results are discussed, and suggestions are made for further investigations for DRAM capacitor applications.