In many radio investigations of the ionosphere it is desirable to use senders working on different wave-lengths and situated in different positions with respect to the receiver. For this purpose it is very convenient to make use of commercial senders which work more or less continuously at high power. It so happens, however, that these senders usually emit Morse signals consisting of dots and dashes of variable lengths and with variable intervals between them, so that an instrument which records the mean signal will give an indication which depends on the speed of sending and on the spacing and length of the signs. In order to obtain a reading which depends only on the signal amplitude, it is possible to employ a quick moving recorder such as a string galvanometer or a cathode ray oscillograph, which will follow the individual Morse signs. With both these types of recorder the record must be made photographically so that changes in the signal strength are not noticed until the record is developed. This is a serious disadvantage in investigations of short-lived disturbances of the “catastrophic” type.

The purpose of this note is to show that Peng's (1) method of approximation is not practicable in the case of quadrilinear interaction (i.e. Fermi's (2) original theory of β-decay), and that it does not remove the infinite self-energy of a nucleon in interaction with a charged scalar meson field. The two examples do not, however, provide a serious argument against Peng's theory, since both refer to field theories which have been abandoned for physical reasons. The principal failure of Peng's method to cope with quadrilinear interactions could even be interpreted in such a way as to mean that interactions of this sort do not exist—a statement which would be equivalent to the assumption that Fermi particles can only interact by means of a Bose field. (2n + 1) linear interaction terms must contain one Bose quantity at least, since Fermi field quantities are not observable and therefore can only enter the interaction term in bilinear form.

The modified field equations proposed by the author can be derived from the energy density

(where is the electric displacement, the magnetic induction, the Poynting vector) with the help of the commutation laws for these vectors.

The problem stated in the title is studied for small values of the diffusivity ratio ε and the magnetic force coefficient N with the aim of finding the effect of rotation and the disc conductivity on the magnetic and velocity fields, currents, shear stresses, etc.

An explicit formula is derived for exp (iβJz) as a finite sum of irreducible tensor components. With this formula, a technique is developed to obtain the matrix elements of exp (iβJy).

Schweizer and Sklar, in their book Probabilistic Metric Spaces, raise the question of whether every triangle function is causal. This note provides a negative answer, by observing certain properties of a suitable partial quaternary operation on the unit interval.

In a previous paper I proved that the density of the positive integers of the form where the letters p, q, and later P, Q, r, denote primes, is positive. As indicated in the Introduction of I, I now give proofs of the following results:

The density of each of the sets of integers

is positive.

Let q be a prime power and let G be a group acting faithfully and vertex transitively on a graph such that for each vertex x, the stabilizer Gx is finite and contains a normal subgroup inducing on the set of neighbours of x a permutation group isomorphic to the linear group L5(q) acting on the 2-dimensional subspaces of a 5-dimensional vector space over Fq. In a companion paper, it is shown, except in some special situations where q = 2, that the kernel of the action of a vertex stabilizer Gx on the ball of radius 3 around x is trivial. In this paper we show that these special situations cannot occur.

The notion of a Gaussian as the exponential of a quadratic is rather familiar. Such functions are of considerable importance in a number of contexts, for example within quantum theory. Thus, in the Schrödinger representation of the canonical commutation relations they alone minimize uncertainty and they appear as ground states for harmonic oscillators. Also in the complex-wave representation of a free boson field they arise as transforms of the Fock vacuum under certain Bogoliubov automorphisms.

1. The object of this note is to deduce some self-reciprocal functions and kernels for Hankel transforms. We denote by Rμ the class of functions which are self-reciprocal for Hankel transforms of order μ; that is, those that satisfy

where Jμ(x) is a Bessel function of order μ. In particular we write R8 for R½ and Rc for R−½.

For a handlebody H, we define two graphs, the augmented disk graph $\mathcal{ADG}(H)$ and the truncated augmented disk graph $\mathcal{TADG}(H)$, and we show they are hyperbolic in the sense of Gromov. In the process, we show they are quasi-isometric to two other disk graphs defined by U. Hamenstädt, the super conducting disk graph $\mathcal{SDG}(H)$ and the electrified disk graph $\mathcal{EDG}(H)$ respectively. So we reprove two theorems of Hamenstädt [12].

Our approach uses techniques from Masur–Schleimer's study on the hyperbolicity of the disk graph $\mathcal{DG}(H)$ [21].

P. M. Cohn has given a characterization of pseudovaluation on a field in (1). There he defines the notion of an integral element over a multiplicatively closed set and states that the association of the set A to the set A* of all elements that are integral over it is a closure operator. There is an error in the statement that A* = (A*)*. In this note we show, by an example, that A* and (A*)* are not equal in general. We also give an example to show that even for the special type of sets that Cohn needs, namely the gauge sets, this property fails to hold. However, since the other conditions for a closure operator (A ⊆ A* and A ⊆ B implies A* ⊆ B*) are satisfied, one obtains a Kuratowski closure operator by iterating *. If we denote by Ā the closure of A by iterating * then theorem 10·3, its corollary and theorem 10·4 in (1) that have a bearing on this error, are valid as stated with the same proof replacing only K* by . Further theorem 13·3 is valid without modification since Cohn considers only a special class of pseudovaluations namely regular pseudo valuations for which K* = .

This paper presents some new results on algebraic K-theory with finite coefficients. The argument is based on a topological construction of a space $F_mK(R)$, for any ring $R$ and any integer $m\geq 2$, having the property that the ordinary homotopy theory of $F_mK(R)$ is isomorphic to the algebraic K-theory of $R$ with coefficients in $\bb {Z}/m$: $\pi_n(F_mK(R))\cong K_n(R;\bb {Z}/m)$ for $n\geq 1$. This space $F_mK(R)$ is called the $\mod m$ K-theory space of $R$. The paper is devoted to the investigation of several properties of the groups $K_n(R;\bb {Z}/m)$, for $n\in\bb {Z}$, and to some calculations of the integral homology of finite K-theory spaces.

We shall prove the following Theorem. There are exactlyisomorphism classes of residually finite groups with every proper quotient finite.

Attention has recently been directed to the measurement of the relative amplitudes of wireless echoes from the ionosphere, and some interesting methods of automatic registration have been devised (1, 2). For vertical incidence, and for wave-lengths shorter than 200 metres, visual observation shows that a single echo, even when separated from its accompanying oppositely polarized magneto-ionic component, shows considerable rapid fading (3). This fading is evident on the records published by White (1), and it is clear from these that it is not easy to determine the relative amplitudes of two echoes. This paper is an account of an apparatus which automatically integrates the amplitude of an echo over a time long compared with the period of the fading, and at the end of the period registers the integrated value on a recording galvanometer. The process is then repeated so that the final galvanometer trace represents the average value of the intensity throughout successive equal periods of time. It is further described how by using a double thread recording galvanometer, it is possible to record the averaged amplitudes of two different echoes (e.g. ordinary and extraordinary, or E and F) during alternate integrating periods.

§ 1. The six Plücker coordinates of a straight line in three dimensional space satisfy an identical quadratic relation

which immediately shows that a one-one correspondence may be set up between lines in three dimensional space, λ, and points on a quadric manifold of four dimensions in five dimensional space, S5. For these six numbers pij may be considered to be six homogeneous coordinates of such a point.

If five spheres in 3-space are such that each pair is inclined at the same non-zero angle θ, then where b1, …, b5 (the ‘bends’ (1) of the spheres) are the reciprocals of their radii. To prove this result, establish a system of rectangular cartesian coordinates (x, y, z) and let the spheres have centres (xi, yi, zi) and radii , where i = 1,…, 5. Then for x5, y5, z5, r5 we have the equations which, on subtraction, yield three linear equations and one quadratic equation. Solving the three linear equations for x5, y5, z5 and substituting, we see that the required relation is algebraic (indeed quadratic) in r5 and hence in b5. Since it is also symmetric in b1,…, b5, it follows that it can be expressed as a polynomial relation in the elementary symmetric functions p1, …, p5 in b5, …, b5.

Suppose that (an) (n ≥ 0) is a square-summable sequence of strictly positive real numbers; then the integral operator T on L2(− 1,1) given by

is compact and positive and, therefore, its eigenvalues can be arranged into a sequence λ0 ≥ λ1 ≥ λ2 ≥ … of non-negative real numbers which decreases to 0.

We have called a linear partial differential operator P almost hypoelliptic in some of the variables if the distribution u is strongly regular in those variables in every open subset where this is true of Pu. In an earlier paper (l) we have characterised almost hypoelliptic operators with constant coefficients. Following techniques of Hörmander (2) and Yoshikawa(5) we obtain in this paper some a priori inequalities for almost hypoelliptic operators and derive results about the solvability of the adjoint operator P*. Our notation for various standard distribution spaces and multi-indices follows Hörmander (2).

We give a ‘picture’ proof to a theorem of M. Freedman (2) which shows the failure of the 4-dimensional homology surgery theory and the homology splitting theorem. Our proof employs the language of the framed links (3) and it involves calculating Casson-Gordon invariant of a certain algebraically slice knot. We use framed links to represent 1-connected 4-manifolds with boundary by attaching 2-handles along them onto B4 via the framings. We adapt the notation ≈ for diffeomorphisms, and for diffeomorphisms between the boundaries of manifolds. Here manifolds refer to smooth manifolds.