Let X be a smooth irreducible projective curve of genus g and gonality 4. We show that the canonical model of X is contained in a uniquely defined surface, ruled by conics, whose geometry is deeply related to that of X. This surface allows us to define four invariants of X and, hence, to stratify the moduli space of four-gonal curves by means of closed irreducible subvarieties, whose dimensions we compute.

If we consider a semigroup, its algebraic structure may be such that it is isomorphic to a subsemigroup of a group, or is algebraically embeddable in a group. This problem was investigated in 1931 by Ore who obtained in (4) a set of necessary conditions for this embedding. A necessary condition is that the semigroup should be cancellative: for any a, x, y in the semigroup either xa = ya or ax = ay implies that x = y. Malcev in (3) showed that this was not sufficient. It is enough to note that his example was a non-commutative semigroup: a commutative cancellative semigroup is embeddable algebraically in a group.

The Fermat type functional equations $(*)\, f_1^n+f_2^n+\cdots +f_k^n=1$, where n and k are positive integers, are considered in the complex plane. Our focus is on equations of the form (*) where it is not known whether there exist non-constant solutions in one or more of the following four classes of functions: meromorphic functions, rational functions, entire functions, polynomials. For such equations, we obtain estimates on Nevanlinna functions that transcendental solutions of (*) would have to satisfy, as well as analogous estimates for non-constant rational solutions. As an application, it is shown that transcendental entire solutions of (*) when n = k(k − 1) with k ≥ 3, would have to satisfy a certain differential equation, which is a generalization of the known result when k = 3. Alternative proofs for the known non-existence theorems for entire and polynomial solutions of (*) are given. Moreover, some restrictions on degrees of polynomial solutions are discussed.

We give necessary and sufficient conditions for the Lp-well-posedness of the second-order degenerate differential equations with finite delay

with periodic boundary conditions (Mu)(0) = (Mu)(2π), (Mu)′(0) = (Mu)′(2π). Here A and M are closed operators on a complex Banach space X satisfying D(A) ⊂ D(M), α ∈ ℂ is fixed, F is a bounded linear operator from Lp([−2π, 0],X) into X, and ut is given by ut(s) = u(t + s) when s ∈ [−2π, 0].

We are concerned with the existence of positive weak solutions, as well as the existence of bound states (i.e. solutions in W1, p (ℝN)), for quasilinear scalar field equations of the form

$$ - \Delta _pu + V(x) \vert u \vert ^{p - 2}u = K(x) \vert u \vert ^{q - 2}u + \vert u \vert ^{p^ * - 2}u,\qquad x \in {\open R}^N,$$

We solve a joint similarity problem for pairs of operators of Foias–Williams/Peller type on weighted Bergman spaces. We show that for the single operator, the Hardy space theory established by Bourgain and Aleksandrov–Peller carries over to weighted Bergman spaces, by establishing the relevant weak factorizations. We then use this fact, together with a recent dilation result due to the first author and Rochberg, to show that a commuting pair of such operators is jointly polynomially bounded if and only if it is jointly completely polynomially bounded. In this case, the pair is jointly similar to a pair of contractions by Paulsen’s similarity theorem.

AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 47B35; 47B47

In this note we consider the question: If R is a right Noetherian ring and I is an invertible ideal of R, how do the Krull dimensions of various modules, factor rings and over-rings of R, connected with I, compare with the Krull dimension of R? This question is prompted by results in (5) and (6). In comparing the Krull dimension of the ring R with that of the ring R/I, the best result would be that the Krull dimension of the ring R is exactly one greater than that of the ring R/I. This result is not true in general; however, we see, in Theorem 2.4, that if the invertible ideal is contained in the Jacobson radical the result holds. In the general case we find it is necessary to introduce an over-ring T of R generated by the inverse I−1 of I. We then see that the Krull dimension of R is the larger of two possibilities: (a) Krull dimension of R/I plus one or (b) Krull dimension of T. In order to prove this result we construct a strictly increasing map from the poset of right ideals of R to the cartesian product of the poset of right ideals of T with a poset of certain infinite sequences of right ideals of R/I.

The theorem is

If the straight lines bisecting the angles at the base of a triangle and terminated by the opposite sides be equal, the triangle is isosceles.

This theorem was in the year 1840 communicated by Professor Lehmus of Berlin to Jacob Steiner with a request for a pure geometrical proof of it. The request was complied with at the time, but Steiner's proof was not published till some years later.

Let R be a commutative integral domain and let S be its quotient field. The group GL2(R) acts on Ŝ = S ∪ {∞} as a group of linear fractional transformations in the usual way. Let F2(R, z) be the stabilizer of z ∈ Ŝ in GL2(R) and let F2(R) be the subgroup generated by all F2(R, z). Among the subgroups contained in F2(R) are U2(R), the subgroup generated by all unipotent matrices, and NE2(R), the normal subgroup generated by all elementary matrices.

We prove a structure theorem for F2(R, z), when R is a Krull domain. A more precise version holds when R is a Dedekind domain. For a large class of arithmetic Dedekind domains it is known that the groups NE2(R),U2(R) and SL2(R) coincide. An example is given for which all these subgroups are distinct.

Let A be a C*-algebra and let ΘA be the canonical contraction form the Haagerup tensor product of M(A) with itself to the space of completely bounded maps on A. In this paper we consider the following conditions on A: (a) A is a finitely generated module over the centre of M(A); (b) the image of ΘA is equal to the set E(A) of all elementary operators on A; and (c) the lengths of elementary operators on A are uniformly bounded. We show that A satisfies (a) if and only if it is a finite direct sum of unital homogeneous C*-algebras. We also show that if a separable A satisfies (b) or (c), then A is necessarily subhomogeneous and the C*-bundles corresponding to the homogeneous subquotients of A must be of finite type.

In this short article, we will be principally investigating two classes of modules over any given group ring – the class of Gorenstein projectives and the class of Benson's cofibrants. We begin by studying various properties of these two classes and studying some of these properties comparatively against each other. There is a conjecture made by Fotini Dembegioti and Olympia Talelli that these two classes should coincide over the integral group ring for any group. We make this conjecture over group rings over commutative rings of finite global dimension and prove it for some classes of groups while also proving other related results involving the two classes of modules mentioned.

We use a spectral sequence developed by Graeme Segal in order to understand the twisted G-equivariant K-theory for proper and discrete actions. We show that the second page of this spectral sequence is isomorphic to a version of Bredon cohomology with local coefficients in twisted representations. We furthermore explain some phenomena concerning the third differential of the spectral sequence, and recover known results when the twisting comes from finite order elements in discrete torsion.

We prove two results on the tube algebras of rigid C*-tensor categories. The first is that the tube algebra of the representation category of a compact quantum group G is a full corner of the Drinfeld double of G. As an application, we obtain some information on the structure of the tube algebras of the Temperley–Lieb categories 𝒯ℒ(d) for d > 2. The second result is that the tube algebras of weakly Morita equivalent C*-tensor categories are strongly Morita equivalent. The corresponding linking algebra is described as the tube algebra of the 2-category defining the Morita context.

We investigate the behaviour of the classical (non-smooth) Hardy-Littlewood maximal operator in the context of Banach lattices. We are mainly concerned with end-point results for p = ∞. Naturally, the main role is played by the space BMO. We analyze the range of the maximal operator in BMOx. This turns out to depend strongly on the convexity of the Banach lattice . We apply these results to study the behaviour of the commutators associated to the maximal operator. We also consider the parallel results for the maximal fractional integral operator.

For a subset $E\subseteq\mathbb{R}^{d}$ and $x\in\mathbb{R}^{d}$, the local Hausdorff dimension function of $E$ at $x$ is defined by

$$ \mathrm{dim}_{\mathrm{loc}}(x,E)=\lim_{r\searrow0}\mathrm{dim}(E\cap B(x,r)), $$

where ‘dim’ denotes the Hausdorff dimension. Using some of our earlier results on so-called multifractal divergence points we give a short proof of the following result: any continuous function $f:\mathbb{R}^{d}\to[0,d]$ is the local dimension function of some set $E\subseteq\mathbb{R}^{d}$. In fact, our result also provides information about the rate at which the dimension $\mathrm{dim}(E\cap B(x,r))$ converges to $f(x)$ as $r\searrow0$.

AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 28A80

This paper studies the asymptotic distribution of the multiparameter eigenvalues of a right definite multiparameter Sturm–Liouville eigenvalue problem. A uniform asymptotic analysis of the oscillation number of solutions of a single Sturm–Liouville type equation with potential depending on a general parameter is given; these results are then applied to the system of multiparameter Sturm–Liouville equations to give the asymptotic eigenvalue distribution for the system as a function of a “multi-index” oscillation number.

We construct an uncountable family of pairwise non-isomorphic rings Si, such that the corresponding full 2 by 2 matrix rings M2(Si) are all isomorphic to each other. The rings Si are Noetherian integral domains which are finitely-generated as modules over their centres.

A group G is called a Bn-group, if all its subnormal subgroups are of defect n. If all infinite subnormal subgroups of G have defect n, we say that G is an IBn group. DeGiovanni and Franciosi [2] have considered soluble IBn groups and characterized them.

In this paper we prove that sub-Gaussian estimates of heat kernels of regular Dirichlet forms are equivalent to the regularity of measures, two-sided bounds of effective resistances and the locality of semigroups, on strongly recurrent compact metric spaces. Upper bounds of effective resistances imply the compact embedding theorem for domains of Dirichlet forms, and give rise to the existence of Green functions with zero Dirichlet boundary conditions. Green functions play an important role in our analysis. Our emphasis in this paper is on the analytic aspects of deriving two-sided sub-Gaussian bounds of heat kernels. We also give the probabilistic interpretation for each of the main analytic steps.

In this paper we consider the questions of existence and uniqueness of solutions to a singular, nonlinear boundary value problem arising from a model problem in isothermal autocatalytical chemical kinetics. The boundary value problem occurs in the construction of a small time asymptotic solution to an initial-boundary value problem (King and Needham [14]), and existence and uniqueness for the boundary value problem are required for consistency of this formal asymptotic solution.