Field experiments were established to observe the effects of adjuvants and time of application on weed control and ‘Terra-Vig 515’ soybean tolerance with POST applications of AC 263,222. A nonionic surfactant or a crop oil concentrate increased sicklepod control with AC 263,222 applied at either V2 or V6 soybean growth stages. Sicklepod control increased as AC 263,222 was increased from 35 to 70 g ai ha–1 only when applied without an adjuvant. Late in the season, there was no difference in sicklepod control between V2 and V6 applications. Adjuvants and application timing within herbicide treatments had no effect on pitted morningglory control, and, though adjuvants increased common cocklebur control, all treatments controlled more than 85% of both species. AC 263,222 with adjuvants at all rates and timings injured and stunted soybean more 2 wk after treatment compared to AC 263,222 alone. AC 263,222 at 35 or 70 g ha–1 with crop oil concentrate reduced yields more than AC 263,222, with either a surfactant or no adjuvant when applied to V2 soybeans.

Water and paraffinic oils were used to determine variables that affect positive displacement pumps used to meter liquid flow in an air-assist spray system. Components needed to construct an air-assist spray system were described for use in spray chambers and on a tractor for field application of herbicides in ultralow volume (ULV). The flow rate of the pump varied less than 2% for the water and oil as the pump setting was varied from 0 to 100% of the pump's capacity. Linear relationships were shown for both liquids as the voltage input varied from 4 to 13 volts. Air pressures to 100 kPa and liquid temperatures to 35 C did not affect flow rate of the pump. Volume median diameter of the spray droplets decreased from 295 μm to 77 μm and 159 μm to 85 μm for water and paraffinic oil, respectively, as the air pressure was adjusted from 14 to 110 kPa.

Field studies were conducted to determine if varying the time N fertilizer was applied would affect downy brome interference in winter wheat. Five treatments were compared: four broadcast application times of NH4NO3 at 56 kg N ha-1 during the fallow-crop cycle: 1) during fallow; 2) at planting; 3) during crop dormancy; 4) before winter wheat jointing; and 5) a control where no N was applied. Downy brome was least responsive to N applied during fallow. All N applications during the growing season of winter wheat increased downy brome biomass and culms m-2. Downy brome interference prevented winter wheat from responding positively to N. For example, when crop season precipitation was only 70% of normal, applying N reduced grain yield of winter wheat infested with downy brome from 12 to 28%. This study indicates that N manipulation offers potential for reducing downy brome interference in winter wheat.

In a 6-yr field study, johnsongrass growing in ‘Forrest’ soybeans for the entire growing season reduced yields 45% in the year with most rainfall and 69% in the year with least rainfall. Yields of soybeans grown without johnsongrass competition were 56% higher in the year with the most rainfall than in the year with least rainfall. Yields of soybeans with full-season competition were reduced 75% from those in the year with most rainfall as compared with those in the year with least rainfall. The number of weeks of johnsongrass competition required to significantly reduce soybean yields varied from 3 wk, in the year with least rainfall, to 8 wk, in the year with most rainfall. Nine applications of sethoxydim at 0.84 kg ai ha-1 or haloxyfop at 0.55 kg ai ha-1 each year did not reduce soybean growth or yields.

Annual wormwood has been cultivated on a small scale for production of the artemisinin class of antimalarial drugs in sufficient quantities for preclinical and clinical trials. Large scale cultivation will require a reliable, efficient crop production system. Production systems using 32 herbicides alone or in combinations were evaluated in growth chamber, greenhouse, and field experiments at Stoneville, MS from 1985 through 1988. The herbicide treatments that provided the best weed control were (A) metolachlor at 2.2 kg ai ha-1 preemergence (PRE), (B) chloramben at 2.2 kg ai ha-1 (PRE), or (C) trifluralin at 0.6 kg ai ha-1 preplant soil incorporated (PPI) followed by fluazifop at 0.2 + 0.2 kg ai ha-1 postemergence broadcast (POST) and acifluorfen at 0.6 kg ai ha-1 (POST). These herbicide production systems provided excellent weed control (≥85%) and minimal crop injury (≤10%) with no effect on crop height or weight at harvest. Production of artemisinin was not reduced by herbicide treatments A, B, and C in 1987 and treatments B and C in 1988 when compared with the hand-weeded plots.

Control of goosegrass and large crabgrass with different preemergence herbicides for the initial and sequential application was studied at four locations in Indiana. Pendimethalin at 1.1 kg ai ha-1 was used as the initial application in all treatments. Sequential treatments applied 6 wk after the initial treatment consisted of: 2.2 kg ha-1 benefin; 1.4/0.7 kg ha-1 benefin/trifluralin; 8.4 kg ha-1 bensulide; 11.8 kg ha-1 DCPA; 0.6 kg ha-1 dithiopyr; 2.2 kg ha-1 oxadiazon; 1.1 kg ha-1 pendimethalin; or 0.6 kg ha-1 prodiamine. Dithiopyr at 0.6 kg ha-1 with no initial application was also included. Highest large crabgrass control ratings were obtained through September with pendimethalin + pendimethalin, pendimethalin + dithiopyr, and dithiopyr alone postemergence. All other sequential applications tested improved control over a single application of 1.1 kg ha-1 pendimethalin, but rarely gave adequate season long control.

Experiments were conducted to monitor the dissipation of imazaquin and imazethapyr applied to the soil surface under conventional and no-tillage conditions. Imazaquin or imazethapyr dissipation rate was similar in no-tillage in 1985 and 1986. Dissipation of the herbicides under conventional tillage conditions varied. Imazaquin dissipation occurred 2.4 times faster in 1986 than in 1985. Imazethapyr dissipation was 3.5 times faster in 1986 than in 1985. Corn planted without tillage (no-till) was injured in 1986 where 210 or 280 g ha-1 of imazaquin or 105 g ha-1 of imazethapyr had been applied the previous year to conventionally tilled soybeans, but injury was not evident where these herbicides had been applied to no-tillage soybeans. Corn injury was evident 2 wk after planting in 1987 but yields were not reduced.

Application of crop protection compounds to randomized small plots with motorized sprayers can be a cumbersome process for field researchers. A motorized, high clearance spraying system has been developed that allows precise application of spray mixtures to randomized plots without driving along alleys between blocks or changing sprayate bottles between treatments. A description of the spraying system is given.

Sugarbeet tolerance to and Canada thistle control from tank mixtures of clopyralid plus other postemergence herbicides and/or petroleum oil adjuvant applied at various times were determined. Herbicides were applied to 5 to 20 or 20 to 70-cm tall Canada thistle. Clopyralid at 0.14 and 0.21 kg ai ha-1 alone or with petroleum oil adjuvant did not injure sugarbeet. Tank mixing clopyralid with desmedipham/phenmedipham plus endothall injured sugarbeet 7 d after application in 2 of 3 yr but not when observed 14 d after application. Herbicides applied early postemergence in 1987 and late postemergence in 1988 controlled Canada thistle poorly due to rainfall 1 h after application and drought conditions, respectively. The addition of petroleum oil adjuvant enhanced control of Canada thistle by clopyralid at 0.14 kg ha-1, and control equaled that of clopyralid at 0.21 kg ha-1 alone. Addition of desmedipham/phenmedipham plus endothall to clopyralid did not reduce Canada thistle control. Petroleum oil adjuvant added to clopyralid at 0.14 kg ha-1 increased Canada thistle control to that achieved by clopyralid at 0.21 kg ha-1 plus desmedipham/phenmedipham plus endothall.

Black nightshade was selectively controlled along with other annual weeds in direct-seeded tomatoes by BAY SMY 1500 applied preemergence. BAY SMY 1500 was also found selective for transplanted tomatoes when applied prior to transplanting or soon after planting prior to black nightshade emergence. Black nightshade control and crop selectivity were obtained with BAY SMY 1500 at 0.75 and 1.25 kg ai ha-1 applied on sandy loam and clay loam soils, respectively.

Field experiments were conducted in 1986 and 1987 to determine the efficacy of various herbicides applied in the spring or fall for redvine population reductions. Spring applications of dicamba and picloram reduced redvine populations 4 mo after application. These treatments also reduced soybean density. A sequential spring followed by fall application of dicamba reduced redvine stem counts 32 to 45% the following year. Spring or spring followed by fall applications of clopyralid and hexazinone were not effective in reducing redvine populations. A fall application of clopyralid, dicamba, Dowco 433, glyphosate, or imazapyr reduced redvine regrowth 78 to 97% the following year. Dicamba at 2.2 kg ae ha-1, 3.4 kg ae ha-1 glyphosate, and 0.28 kg ai ha-1 imazapyr increased soybean yield the following year because of reduced redvine competition and lack of herbicide injury. Redvine populations were unaffected by fall applications of fosamine, hexazinone, and picloram, or clomazone applied in the spring or in the fall followed by a sequential spring application. A sequential spring followed by fall treatment of 1.1 + 1.1 kg ha-1 dicamba or 0.14 + 0.14 kg ae ha-1 clopyralid reduced trumpetcreeper population 49 to 58% the following year.

Formulations of fenoxaprop enriched in the R(+) isomer, HOE 46360-08H EW (described as an emulsifiable water-based formulation) and HOE 46360-05H EC (emulsifiable concentrate), were compared with the commercial racemate EC for control of roughstalk bluegrass and tolerance of perennial ryegrass and tall fescue grown for seed. The enriched EW and EC formulations were more than twice as active as the racemate per kg total fenoxaprop, despite enrichment to only 92 and 89% R(+) isomer purity, which should have increased activity by 1.84- and 1.78-fold, respectively. Increased activity was evident both as improved weed control and as decreased crop tolerance. Although the 3.69-fold increase in activity of HOE 46360 EW on roughstalk bluegrass relative to the racemate may be partly due to changes in the emulsion, the 3.06-fold increase in activity of HOE 46360 EC suggests that the S(-) isomer somehow interferes wih the activity of the R(+) isomer. Use of 280 g ai ha–1 of the racemate could be replaced with 76 g ha–1 of the EW or 92 g ha–1 of the EC formulation of HOE 46360 for equivalent roughstalk bluegrass control, but with decreased crop tolerance in perennial ryegrass and tall fescue.

Field studies were conducted in 1987, 1988, and 1989 to evaluate the effects of freshly applied residual levels (simulated residue carryover) of imazaquin and norflurazon on the growth and yield of corn, cotton, grain sorghum, rice, and wheat. Studies ware conducted on five soils, and concentrations of herbicides were determined at crop planting. Crop injury ratings were recorded 4 wk after emergence, and yields were measured at the end of each growing season. In simulated residue carryover studies, corn and grain sorghum injury occurred and yields were reduced when norflurazon concentrations were 450 ng g-1 soil or greater. Rice yields were reduced at norflurazon concentrations of 710 ng g-1. Corn, cotton, and wheat heights and yields were reduced when imazaquin concentrations were 13 ng g-1, 13 ng g-1, and 45 ng g-1 soil, respectively for crops. Comparisons between simulated carryover and actual carryover were made for corn and cotton grown in imazaquin treated fields as well as for corn grown in a norflurazon treated field.

Field studies were conducted in the northern and southern cane belt areas of Louisiana to determine the effect of itchgrass on sugarcane growth and yield. Itchgrass was allowed to interfere with sugarcane season-long, early-season from emergence in the spring until layby (last cultivation) in mid-June, and late-season from layby until harvest. Itchgrass germination occurred throughout the growing season. Populations of millable sugarcane stalks and yields of cane and sugar were similar for no interference, early-, and late-season interference. Season-long itchgrass interference reduced sugarcane stalk populations and cane and sugar yields an average of 34, 42, and 43%, respectively, compared with no interference.

Field studies were conducted in Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin to explore interactions among DPX-V9360 herbicide applied postemergence, terbufos insecticide applied as an in-furrow treatment, and the environment. Field corn (‘Pioneer 3751’) and sweet corn (‘Jubilee’) were planted with and without an in-furrow application of terbufos. DPX-V9360 was applied postemergence when the corn was in the 4- to 6-leaf stage at 0, 35, 70, 140, and 280 g ai ha-1 with nonionic surfactant and 28% N fertilizer solution. Crop response to DPX-V9360 was similar at all three locations, varying only in magnitude of injury. Crop injury was greater with Jubilee sweet corn than with Pioneer 3751 field corn. Injury to both hybrids increased as DPX-V9360 application rate increased. Application of terbufos increased injury from DPX-V9360 to both hybrids. Significant yield reduction did not occur with either hybrid when DPX-V9360 was applied at rates of 140 g ha-1 or less and no terbufos was applied.

Eight field studies were conducted in soybeans at seven locations in Kansas over a 3-yr period to examine the efficacy of using reduced rates of the herbicides acifluorfen, bentazon, chlorimuron, and tank mixes of acifluorfen and bentazon. POST applications of these herbicides at 1/2X rates at 2 wk after planting (WAP) resulted in broadleaf weed control similar to that obtained from standard treatments of 1X rates applied at 4 WAP at six of seven studies with acifluorfen, bentazon, and acifluorfen plus bentazon and at five of seven studies with chlorimuron. One-quarter rates applied 2 WAP were equivalent to standard treatments for broadleaf weed control in four of seven studies with acifluorfen and chlorimuron, five of seven studies with bentazon, and six of seven studies with acifluorfen plus bentazon. One cultivation at 4 WAP, increased the broadleaf weed control with all herbicide treatments.

Weed control is a limiting factor for adoption of conservation tillage systems on the Texas Southern High Plains. A field study was established to evaluate Palmer amaranth control with strip-tillage dinitroaniline herbicide incorporation in wheat residue. Preemergence herbicides were applied alone and in combination with strip-tilled incorporated herbicides. Significant cotton injury or stand reductions were not observed with any treatment. Effective (>80%) early season Palmer amaranth control was achieved with trifluralin or pendimethalin in conjunction with preemergence herbicides. Preemergence herbicides alone did not provide adequate control.

Field studies were established to evaluate several herbicides for buckbrush control in tall fescue pastures. Buckbrush was controlled most consistently by 2,4-D amine or low volatile ester, or package-mixes of 2,4-D plus dicamba or triclopyr. Two consecutive years of herbicide application was more effective for reducing buckbrush stem populations than one application.

Sequential applications of MSMA plus metribuzin with selected plant growth regulators interacted synergistically and increased injury of ‘Tifway’ bermudagrass 1 and 2 wk after treatment. However, the higher injury at 3 wk after treatment, from sequential MSMA plus metribuzin with flurprimidol plus mefluidide or paclobutrazol with mefluidide, was additive. The vegetative growth suppression of bermudagrass at 2 wk after treatment with 2,4-D plus mecoprop plus dicamba with flurprimidol was antagonistic. The higher growth suppression 2 wk after treatment for MSMA plus metribuzin and flurprimidol plus mefluidide was additive compared to flurprimidol with mefluidide alone.

Brush control and woody plant community structure in the Cross Timbers of Oklahoma resulting from treatments with herbicides and fire were compared. Tebuthiuron and triclopyr were applied alone and in combination with burning at 2.2 kg ai ha-1 in March and June of 1983, respectively. The burned pastures were burned with strip headfires in late spring of 1985, 1986, and 1987. Both herbicides were effective on the dominant overstory brush species, blackjack oak and post oak, and this resulted in good reduction of canopy cover of brush initially. However, effects of triclopyr were short-lived because of ineffectiveness on many of the other hardwood species (American elm, gum bumelia, hackberry, roughleaf dogwood, and buckbrush). Crown reduction and tree kill of these hardwood species was usually better with tebuthiuron than with triclopyr. Neither herbicide was effective on eastern redcedar. Better brush control, associated with tebuthiuron, resulted in better fine fuel release and by 1988, burning was having a significant effect on woody plants in the tebuthiuron-treated plots.