The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) offers a promising framework to identify the neurobiological mechanisms of psychopathology. Many forms of psychopathology are characterized by dysfunctional emotional reactivity. The late positive potential (LPP) is an event-related potential component that provides an index of neurobiological emotional reactivity. Several categorical disorders have demonstrated a similar association with the emotion-modulated LPP. It is possible that higher-order dimensional representations of psychopathology might explain the comparable results. The present study examined the association between HiTOP-consistent pathological personality dimensions across multiple levels of the hierarchy and neurobiological emotional reactivity.

The sample included 215 18–35-year-old adults (86% female) who were oversampled for psychopathology. Participants completed the emotional interrupt task while electroencephalography was recorded to examine the LPP. Participants also completed the Comprehensive Assessment of Traits relevant to Personality Disorders to assess pathological personality.

At the spectra level, higher negative emotionality was associated with a larger emotion-modulated LPP, while higher detachment was associated with a smaller emotion-modulated LPP. There were no associations between higher-order psychopathology levels and the emotion-modulated LPP. Compared to categorical diagnoses, spectra-level personality pathology dimensions significantly improved the prediction of the emotion-modulated LPP.

The present study indicates that HiTOP spectra levels of negative emotionality and detachment demonstrate unique associations with neurobiological emotional reactivity. The study highlights the utility of examining dimensional and hierarchical, rather than categorical, representations of psychopathology in the attempt to identify the neurobiological origins of psychopathology.

The modulation of brain circuits of emotion is a promising pathway to treat borderline personality disorder (BPD). Precise and scalable approaches have yet to be established. Two studies investigating the amygdala-related electrical fingerprint (Amyg-EFP) in BPD are presented: one study addressing the deep-brain correlates of Amyg-EFP, and a second study investigating neurofeedback (NF) as a means to improve brain self-regulation.

Study 1 combined electroencephalography (EEG) and simultaneous functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the replicability of Amyg-EFP-related brain activation found in the reference dataset (N = 24 healthy subjects, 8 female; re-analysis of published data) in the replication dataset (N = 16 female individuals with BPD). In the replication dataset, we additionally explored how the Amyg-EFP would map to neural circuits defined by the research domain criteria. Study 2 investigated a 10-session Amyg-EFP NF training in parallel to a 12-weeks residential dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) program. Fifteen patients with BPD completed the training, N = 15 matched patients served as DBT-only controls.

Study 1 replicated previous findings and showed significant amygdala blood oxygenation level dependent activation in a whole-brain regression analysis with the Amyg-EFP. Neurocircuitry activation (negative affect, salience, and cognitive control) was correlated with the Amyg-EFP signal. Study 2 showed Amyg-EFP modulation with NF training, but patients received reversed feedback for technical reasons, which limited interpretation of results.

Recorded via scalp EEG, the Amyg-EFP picks up brain activation of high relevance for emotion. Administering Amyg-EFP NF in addition to standardized BPD treatment was shown to be feasible. Clinical utility remains to be investigated.

Memory is a critical piece of the human experience and impairments in neural memory networks can have devastating consequences for the affected person. A subtype of memory, episodic memory generates context for the present based on past experience and allows us to make predictions about the future. Episodic memories become stable fixtures through long-term memory consolidation. It is believed that consolidation of episodic memory requires a dynamic interplay between connected hippocampal-cortical networks, mainly during sleep. Sleep oscillations, slow oscillations and thalamocortical spindles, coupled with hippocampal sharp wave ripples (SWR) is proposed to be mechanistically involved in establishing the crucial cortical-subcortical dialog. The current study aimed to determine alterations in typical sleep oscillations and oscillation coupling in patients with and without structural hippocampal damage and correlate them with neuropsychological measures believed to be sensitive to hippocampal dysfunction, i.e., Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Task (RAVLT) and Verbal Paired Associates (VPA-II).

We used intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) in 14 patients with epilepsy to directly record hippocampal and neocortical oscillations and neuropsychological measures obtained prior to implantation. Half of the participants were diagnosed with mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) in the left hippocampus and healthy tissue in the right hippocampus. The other half did not have MTS and had either mesial temporal epilepsy without MTS or extra-temporal seizures. We analyzed hippocampal SWR output from both hippocampi and characterized neocortical slow oscillations and spindles and their coupling for each participant. We correlated electrophysiological data with behavioral results of neuropsychological testing in order to characterize the clinical relevance.

SWR analysis revealed significant differences in the frequency, t(7639) = 15.52, p>.001, p > .001), amplitude, t(7664) = -23.93, p > .001, and waveforms (p > .001) of SWR in the sclerotic versus healthy hippocampi. Patients with a sclerotic hippocampus but relatively preserved verbal memory scores (RAVLT, VPA-II) showed increased SWR amplitudes in the contralateral hippocampus compared to patients with low verbal memory scores. Additionally, we found differences between hemispheres in phase amplitude coupling of SWRs to spindles and SOs (p > 0.001). Results of our correlational analysis were variable and dependent upon additional factors, such as age of onset and diagnosis duration.

Results from this work will aid in establishing a criterion for characterizing a relationship between subcortical and cortical oscillations as they relate to memory performance. Besides aiding our understanding of the neural mechanisms underpinning memory consolidation this will ideally help with developing neurophysiological biomarkers that may predict possible memory decline in resective or ablative neurosurgery absent of structural lesion. In addition, this work may potentially provide first evidence of a neurophysiological biomarker directly recorded from the human hippocampus to support possible reorganization of memory functioning in the non-sclerotic hippocampus.

Improving the timeline for intervention in Alzheimer's disease (AD) has considerable potential to delay and mitigate disability and suffering. Neuropsychological assessment is useful for distinguishing AD from normal aging and other dementias but is less useful in preclinical detection due to its limited sensitivity. The N400 (N4), a language-based EEG event-related potential (ERP) related to semantic functioning, is a promising candidate marker of AD with potential to improve early detection and monitoring of AD. For example, studies have shown that individuals with AD show a reduced N4 "effect"—a smaller difference in the size of the N4 to semantically congruent vs. incongruent word-pairs. The goal of this study is to assess the presence of the N4 effect in healthy seniors, and those with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or mild AD, and to evaluate associations between performance on the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) and the N4 across these samples.

Fifty older adults (intact=27, combined MCI/mild AD group=23; "impaired") completed neuropsychological testing, including the RBANS, as part of a larger study. Participants were re-contacted and returned for EEG assessment between several weeks to one year later. During EEG recording, participants completed a word-pair judgement paradigm, which involved distinguishing between semantically congruent and incongruent word-pairs. Data was collected and analyzed according to customized N4 analysis scripts provided as part of ERPCORE, an online resource for acquiring and analyzing common ERP components (Kappenman et al., 2021; https://osf.io/thsqg/). The change in N4 amplitude between congruent and incongruent trials (the N4 effect) was used as an index of participants' semantic functioning. Participants' N4 effect was quantified using the mean amplitude from 300-550 milliseconds poststimulus at electrode Cz.

Repeated measures ANOVAs indicated a significant effect of trial type on the N400 amplitude in the intact individuals (F(1, 26)=77.66, p<.001), which remained significant in the sample as a whole (F(1, 48)=65.18, p<.001). Although intact participants numerically showed a larger N4 effect (intact: M=-4.02, SD=2.37; impaired: M=-2.60, SD=3.40), the expected group-by-trial interaction was not significant (F(1, 48)=3.01, p=.089). Correlational analyses revealed no significant associations between the N4 effect and the RBANS Total Scale scores (r=-.14, p=.32), nor for the Immediate Memory (r=-.002, p=.99), Visuospatial/Constructional (r=-.069, p=.63), Language (r=-.15, p=.30) Attention (r=-.21, p=.14), or Delayed Memory (r=-.18 p=.58) indexes.

Results confirmed the presence of the N4 effect in intact participants and in the sample as a whole. Although the N4 effect was numerically smaller in the impaired group as expected, this difference was not significant in the present sample. Likewise, we observed no evidence for associations between the size of N4 effect and performance on RBANS indexes. Overall, the present study provides mixed evidence for the utility of the N4 as a biomarker in mild AD. Factors that may have contributed to the lack of associations between the N4 effect and the RBANS include the limited sample size and variable lengths of time between participants' initial cognitive assessments and EEG testing.

Since seminal work by Sherrington, the term interoception refers to the ability to sense modifications of internal bodily states as opposed to the ability to sense stimuli coming from outside the body itself. Despite conceptual changes regarding the afferent signals subserving this type of inner perception, the core of this definition is still valid and widely accepted. The critical contribution of internal state perception to self-regulation as well as higher-order cognitive processes has led to the development of psychometric and observational measures trying to capture individual interoceptive skills, focusing especially on the ability to orient attention to internal sensations. Nonetheless, despite growing interest in interoceptive attention (IAtt), little is known about neurofunctional correlates of our ability to redirect attention to internal sensations and consciously process them, as well as on potential objective biomarkers of IAtt performance.

This study included 36 volunteers who were asked to complete a heart-beat counting task (HCT), a common IAtt task. During both resting-state and HCT, central electrophysiological (EEG, 32 electrodes) and cardiovascular activity (ECG, I lead) were recorded. eLORETA was used to estimate both task-related and resting-state intracortical sources of EEG signals. Statistical non-parametric mapping (SnPM) was used to draw and investigate contrast statistical maps between rest- and task-related cortical current density.

Contrast analyses comparing HCT and resting revealed higher Alpha frequency current density estimates during the task, with primary cortical seed in the right parahippocampal gyrus. Regression analyses of the relationship between IAtt scores and task-related changes in intracortical current density during HCT revealed a positive relationship for the Beta frequency bands with primary cortical seeds in the cingulate gyrus and insula.

Findings add to available literature by further specifying the electrophysiological signature of interoceptive attentiveness, and suggest specific electrophysiological markers as objective measures of individual IAtt skills.

Onset of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology is estimated to begin 20-30 years prior to clinical symptom onset. Resting state EEG may yield useful early biomarkers of pathology, but its use along the AD clinical continuum is still limited, especially in individuals who are at high risk for AD but have yet to show symptoms. EEG waveform oscillations are classified based by frequency range (alpha, beta, theta, delta). Changes within these frequency bands have been identified in individuals with AD-dementia as compared to those with MCI and normal aging. Typical changes involve increases in low frequency power bands of delta and theta and decreases in beta and alpha frequencies, particularly in more posterior brain regions. However, these methods have yet to be explored in cognitively normal individuals who are at high risk for AD, as work has shown between individuals with MCI and healthy older adults.

We compared differences in resting state EEG between older adults (age 60+) at high risk for AD (positive family history, genetic risk defined as carrying 1 + ApoE ε4 alleles) and individuals at low risk (negative family history, no ε4 allele). We collected 1) neuropsychological test performance; 2) self-report measures of subjective cognitive complaints and cognitive reserve; and 3) five minutes of eyes-open resting state EEG using 64-channel active electrodes. Clusters of three electrodes were average for regions and absolute power within 5 frequency bands was calculated. Theta/beta ratio was calculated by dividing absolute power of bands at its respective site. Correlations between absolute power for specific regions, self-report measures, and neuropsychological test scores.

Analysis of 20 individuals collected to date (14 high risk, 6 low risk) found associations (p<0.05) between risk group and beta and gamma power across multiple electrode clusters, with high-risk individuals having higher power. Significant correlations were also found between calculated measures of cognitive reserve and posterior theta/beta ratio, subjective cognitive complaints and beta power, and neuropsychological test composites of learning performance with delta and executive functioning with frontal theta power.

This work provides preliminary evidence for differences in resting state EEG activity in those at risk for AD, prior to onset of clinical symptoms. Future work will examine patients with mild cognitive impairment as a comparison group to characterize resting state EEG across the early AD continuum.

Recent work has shown that dysfunctional brain EEG responses to anesthetic drugs can be an indicator of both preoperative cognitive impairment and postoperative delirium risk. However, since excessive anesthetic dosage can also cause abnormal EEG brain responses, it is unclear how to tell to what extent such abnormal brain EEG responses reflect latent neurocognitive impairment versus excessive anesthetic dosage. Further, it is unclear what underlying mechanisms might underlie the link between phenotypes (such as delirium and cognitive impairment) and these abnormal neurophysiologic responses to anesthetic drugs.

Dual center prospective cohort design. 139 total older surgical patients from two academic centers underwent intraoperative EEG monitoring with the bispectral index (BIS) EEG monitor during anesthesia and surgery, and postoperative delirium screening by geriatrician interview (Duke cohort) or by trained research staff (Mt Sinai cohort). We developed the Duke Anesthesia Resistance Scale (DARS), defined as the average BIS EEG values divided by the quantity 2.5 minus the age adjusted end tidal anesthetic gas concentration). We then examined the relationship between the DARS and postoperative delirium risk using the Youden index to identify an optimal low DARS threshold for delirium risk, and we used multivariable logistic regression to control for potential confounders.

Neither BIS scores nor inhaled anesthetic dosage differed significantly between patients with vs without postoperative delirium. Yet, patients with delirium had lower DARS scores than those who did not develop delirium (27.92 vs 32.88, p=0.015). A DARS threshold of 28.7 maximized the Youden index for the association between the DARS and delirium. In multivariable models adjusting for site (Duke vs Mt Sinai) and individual patient risk factors, DARS values <28.7 were associated with a 3.79 fold increased odds ratio (95% CI 1.63-9.10; p=0.03) for postoperative delirium. These results remained unchanged after adjusting for intraoperative medications including opioids, benzodiazepines, propofol, phenylephrine and ketamine. Patients with structural/functional MRI or CSF biomarker evidence of preclinical/prodromal Alzheimer's disease and/or neurovascular pathology were more likely to show altered anesthetic-induced EEG activity patterns.

Lower scores on a processed EEG-based scale of neurophysiologic resistance to anesthetic induced brain activity changes were independently associated with a nearly 4 fold increased delirium risk. The altered anesthetic-induced brain EEG patterns in patients who go on to develop postoperative delirium may reflect latent pre-clinical/pro-dromal Alzheimer's disease and/or neurovascular pathology.

Concurrent electroencephalography (EEG) during neuropsychological assessment offers a promising method to understand realtime neural and cognitive processes during task performance. For example, previous studies using experimental tasks suggest that midline-frontal theta power (MFT) could serve as a measure of mental exertion and subjective difficulty. The RBANS provides an opportunity to examine this issue in neuropsychological assessment, as a widely-used screening battery that was explicitly developed with subtests that vary according to difficulty within its five domains. This study investigated the effects of task difficulty, cognitive domain, and age on elicitation of MFT during rest and RBANS administration.

EEG was recorded during eyes-closed and eyes-open resting periods and RBANS administration in a sample of 45 healthy younger adults (n = 21; mean age = 23.29, SD = 3.27, range = 19-33; 48% female) and older adults (n = 24; mean age = 70.58, SD = 5.77, range = 59-83; 83% female). MFT was defined as the highest peak above the overall power spectrum within 4-8Hz from electrode Fz, and operationalized as a binary variable (present/absent). A multilevel generalized logistic regression model was run to assess the main effects of Age (Younger, Older), Difficulty (Easy, Hard), Domain (Rest, Immediate Memory, Visuospatial/Constructional, Language, Attention, Delayed Memory), and their potential interactions, on the presence of MFT.

In the full sample, the Coding, Figure Recall, and Picture Naming subtests were numerically most likely to elicit MFT (71.1%, 66.7%, and 62.2%, respectively), whereas Semantic Fluency, Eyes-Closed Rest, and List Recall had the lowest likelihoods (37.7%, 31%, 28.9%). Older adults were also numerically less likely to exhibit MFT (37.50% present) compared to younger adults (62.24% present). An analysis of deviance revealed a significant effect of Age (F(1,43) = 7.22, p = .01) and a significant interaction between Difficulty and Domain (F(5,220) = 4.78, p < .001). Specifically, Hard subtests in the Visuospatial/Constructional (Figure Copy; b = -2.63, p < .05) and Language (Semantic Fluency; b = -2.92, p < .01) Domains were less likely to elicit MFT than the Easy subtests (i.e., Line Orientation and Picture Naming, respectively).

Results indicated that MFT can be reliably measured during neuropsychological assessment, and varies in relation to both age and task-related factors. Consistent with previous studies, older adults exhibited less MFT than younger adults in general, possibly suggesting a failure to recruit the relevant networks. Further, present findings suggest that the presence of MFT varies not only by the type of task but also by the level of difficulty. Future research with larger samples can clarify whether and how the amount of MFT elicited during specific subtests relates to objective and subjective difficulty. Overall, MFT can reliably be elicited by cognitive tasks and bears further study as a measure of real-time neural expenditure.

Binge-eating disorder (BED) co-occurs with neurobehavioral alterations in the processing of disorder-relevant content such as visual food stimuli. Whether neurofeedback (NF) directly targeting them is suited for treatment remains unclear. This study sought to determine feasibility and estimate effects of individualized, functional near-infrared spectroscopy-based real-time NF (rtfNIRS-NF) and high-beta electroencephalography-based NF (EEG-NF), assuming superiority over waitlist (WL).

Single-center, assessor-blinded feasibility study with randomization to rtfNIRS-NF, EEG-NF, or WL and assessments at baseline (t0), postassessment (t1), and 6-month follow-up (t2). NF comprised 12 60-min food-specific rtfNIRS-NF or EEG-NF sessions over 8 weeks. Primary outcome was the binge-eating frequency at t1 assessed interview-based. Secondary outcomes included feasibility, eating disorder symptoms, mental and physical health, weight management-related behavior, executive functions, and brain activity at t1 and t2.

In 72 patients (intent-to-treat), the results showed feasibility of NF regarding recruitment, attrition, adherence, compliance, acceptance, and assessment completion. Binge eating improved at t1 by −8.0 episodes, without superiority of NF v. WL (−0.8 episodes, 95% CI −2.4 to 4.0), but with improved estimates in NF at t2 relative to t1. NF was better than WL for food craving, anxiety symptoms, and body mass index, but overall effects were mostly small. Brain activity changes were near zero.

The results show feasibility of food-specific rtfNIRS-NF and EEG-NF in BED, and no posttreatment differences v. WL, but possible continued improvement of binge eating. Confirmatory and mechanistic evidence is warranted in a double-blind randomized design with long-term follow-up, considering dose–response relationships and modes of delivery.

The aim of this study was to identify the potential electrophysiological biomarkers of human responses by comparing the electroencephalogram brain wave changes towards lavender versus normal saline in a healthy human population.

This study included a total of 44 participants without subjective olfactory disturbances. Lavender and normal saline were used as the olfactory stimulant and control. Electroencephalogram was recorded and power spectra were analysed by the spectral analysis for each alpha, beta, delta, theta and gamma bandwidth frequency upon exposure to lavender and normal saline independently.

The oscillatory brain activities in response to the olfactory stimulant indicated that the lavender smell decreased the beta activity in the left frontal (F7 electrode) and central region (C3 electrode) with a reduction in the gamma activity in the right parietal region (P4 electrode) (p < 0.05).

Olfactory stimulants result in changes of electrical brain activities in different brain regions, as evidenced by the topographical brain map and spectra analysis of each brain wave.

Electroencephalography (EEG) microstates translate resting-state temporal dynamics of neuronal networks throughout the brain and could constitute possible markers of psychiatric disorders. We tested the hypothesis of an increased imbalance between a predominant self-referential mode (microstate C) and a decreased attentional mode (microstate D) in psychosis, mood, and autism spectrum disorders.

We retrospectively included 135 subjects from an early psychosis outpatient unit, with available eyes-closed resting-state 19 electrodes EEG. Individual-level then group-level modified K-means clustering in controls provided four microstate maps that were then backfitted to all groups. Differences between microstate parameters (occurrence, coverage, and mean duration) were computed between controls and each group, and between disease groups.

Microstate class D parameters were systematically decreased in disease groups compared with controls, with an effect size increasing along the psychosis spectrum, but also in autism. There was no difference in class C. C/D ratios of mean duration were increased only in SCZ compared with controls.

The decrease in microstate class D may be a marker of stage of psychosis, but it is not specific to it and may rather reflect a shared dimension along the schizophrenia-autism spectrum. C/D microstate imbalance may be more specific to schizophrenia.