The chapter examines the role of forced displacement in increasing the demand for state intervention and expanding the size of the state bureaucracy in West Germany. It discusses the government elites’ strategies for dealing with the needs of expellees and receiving communities and reviews expellees’ ability to influence government policy. Statistical analysis is used to demonstrate that counties with a greater proportion of expellees to population had more civil servants per capita.

Chapter Eleven takes up Rogers’ engagment with the Great Depression of the 1930s, the economic disaster that marked the culmination of his influence as a commentator on American political life. The Oklahoman castigated Wall Street for foolish financial practices and criticized Americans for buying on credit, two practices in the 1920s he believed underlay the economic collapse. With typical good-humored civility, he initially sympathized with Herbert Hoover as a victim of circumstances but soon denounced the president’s refusal to promote relief programs and job-creation initiatives. Rogers became an enthusiastic supporter of Franklin Roosevelt and the New Deal. The humorist became one of the biggest boosters of FDR’s programs as necessary to save the American system. While suspicious of federal government overreach and the encouragement of labor radicalism, he deemed the New Deal largely a success. Throughout the Depression, Rogers maintained his populist outlook, consistently criticizing economic and social elites while laboring to protect and uplife America’s common, working citizens. His acclaim for "the little fellow" further elevated his public stature in America.

This chapter provides a macroeconomic perspective of artificial intelligence’s impacts on labor markets and economic growth – although the analysis remains grounded in microeconomic functions. In this chapter, we provide an economic growth model wherein AI as a possible substitute for human labor is modeled, taking into account the nature of AI as an automation technology. This goes to the heart of the current focus of economists on AI, namely its implications for labor markets, and specifically unemployment and skills requirements. The crucial points that we make here are that economists need to go further than indirectly modeling AI through assumptions on substitution elasticities and need to take the specific nature (narrow focus) of AI into explicit account.

After the Progressive Era of the late 19th century, the unregulated financial markets boomed, encouraging people to go into debt to buy stocks, and when an economic boom went bust, the Great Depression ensued. FDR’s New Deal was a response to the failure of markets to protect people that led to the government taking on the responsibility of preventing, or at least moderating, economic dislocations, regulating the financial and banking systems, providing jobs as an employee of last resort, and establishing a social security system to protect the elderly and disabled Americans. The missing link in these efforts was racial justice, which was largely overlooked for political reasons. While FDR’s critics accused him of betraying capitalism, he in fact saved the market system from destroying itself.

Chapter 2 demonstrates how the recognition of the societal value of domestic service affected some aspects of domestic workers’ rights but not others. It analyzes debates around the 1926 law on domestic service and the effects it had on the domestic workers’ ability to resolve conflicts with employers in court or mediation. Domestic workers’ labor rights were limited by the new law to make their labor more accessible to employers: written labor agreements were no longer mandatory and there was no compensation for overtime work. Yet, the state was reluctant to limit domestic workers’ access to their employers housing after termination of contract because female homelessness was closely associated with prostitution. The new law put domestic workers at a disadvantage compared to other workers, which, together with continuing valorization of “productive” labor, made domestics seek employment opportunities outside domestic service. This chapter contributes to our understanding of the effects labor laws have on paid domestic labor and testifies to the importance of government regulations and protection.

This chapter reveals how stories about the past came to cohere around struggles over identity in the final decades of the twentieth century in and around Birmingham. The Second World War was becoming increasingly important across the generations, although it was mainly the children of the inter-war period, now pensioners, who looked back fondly on any part of inter-war life. However, immigration brought in groups with divergent memories of the past, including people whose family experiences of the early twentieth century were of fascism in continental Europe and those who felt that Atlantic slavery, not the struggles of the white working class, was the historical injustice of fundamental importance.

This chapter, looking at the Second World War, foregrounds the concerns about the post-war future that took shape in relation to people’s hopes for the next generation and with their sense of conditions locally at the front of their minds. It first uses a case study of attitudes towards urban reconstruction to probe where people’s ideas about the post-war future came from. The chapter argues that memories of the inter-war period and everyday experiences of wartime were fundamental in shaping these hopes. A second case study, about concerns surrounding post-war employment, highlights the complexity of popular assumptions about what was likely to follow the war, again signalling the importance of place in shaping people’s memories and aspirations.

Taking a history is an essential part of patient care for all clinicians but there can be a tendency for the social history to be brief, formulaic or even absent. The possible reasons for this and how liaison psychiatry might respond, given that history-taking skills are highly developed in the specialty, are described. The individual in the wider multidisciplinary team who is best placed to take a social history from a patient is considered, reviewing the attitudes of both doctors and nurses alongside evidence from studies where frameworks have been established to take the social history from all patients. The sources of information other than the patient that might be considered are described. Several key aspects of the social history are explored in detail – debt, employment, housing and social isolation. The evidence of impact on physical health and mental health is detailed for each, together with a summary of the evidence of benefit for interventions. Finally, the issue of how the information obtained should be shared and with whom and what can be done to improve patient outcomes is discussed.

This chapter covers: the growing importance of Chicago School of Economics and of School of Public Choice; the work of F. Hayek; individual rights and individual freedom are seen as being more important than community rights and goals; privatization of Public Private Partnerships and of pensions; laziness is associated with unemployment, and social assistance is discouraged; marginal tax rates begin to be reduced; differentiations in compensations for work increases; Gini coefficients begin to rise; welfare beneficiaries are seen as lazy individuals who wish to live at the expense of hard-working and tax paying individuals; free markets are seen as a miracle drug; many conservative economists receive Nobel Prizes; the social landscape experiences a dramatic change in the 1980s in a rightward direction; fiscal stabilization policy loses influence; monetary policy becomes more important; and there is a return to pre-Keynesian times.

Fairness concerns play an important role in wage formation, with unfair treatment affecting morale and labor productivity. These forces can lead to unemployment and affect the pattern of relative wages and employment. But behavioral evidence shows that perceptions of fairness can be influenced by purely nominal changes in wage rates, which implies that unemployment will be inversely related to inflation, also in the long run; there is no natural rate. Moreover, social norms only persist if they are affirmed by actual behavior while, conversely, outcomes that are well-established will come to be expected and accepted as fair. These endogenous changes in fairness norms can generate employment hysteresis, with the precise implications for economic policy and the relation between unemployment and inflation depending on the details of the model. Models of inflation need modification in developing economies with large amounts of underemployment. Drawing on a structuralist tradition and insights from behavioral economics, the chapter presents a stylized model in which inflation is determined by distributional conflict and cross-sectoral interactions between demand and supply side forces.