Supraglottoplasty is the primary surgical treatment of congenital laryngomalacia. Supraglottic stenosis is a rare complication of supraglottoplasty that is difficult to manage.

This study presents a new endoscopic mucosa-sparing Z-plasty double transposition flap technique that was used to manage supraglottic stenosis following supraglottoplasty for severe congenital laryngomalacia in an eight-month-old infant.

At 10 months post-operatively, the patient remained asymptomatic and flexible laryngoscopy showed adequate supraglottic patency.

Endoscopic interarytenoid Z-plasty is a safe and effective technique in the management of paediatric supraglottic stenosis.

Non-fatal strangulation as a consequence of a sexual assault attack or domestic violence represents serious bodily harm. Otolaryngologists have an important role in documenting physical findings and managing airway symptoms. This study aimed to describe our otolaryngology department's experience managing patients referred from the sexual assault referral centre who suffered non-fatal strangulation.

A retrospective analysis of patients suffering non-fatal strangulation referred to the Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Otolaryngology Department from Saint Mary's Sexual Assault Referral Centre in Manchester between 1 January 2017 and 31 December 2019 was carried out.

A total of 86 patients were referred from Saint Mary's Sexual Assault Referral Centre. Of these patients, 56 were given telephone advice and the remaining 30 were seen by the on-call otolaryngology team. In addition, 20 out of 30 (66.6 per cent) patients underwent fibre-optic nasal endoscopy. Common presenting symptoms were neck pain (81.4 per cent), dyspnoea (80.2 per cent) and dizziness (72.1 per cent). Five patients had identifiable laryngeal injury on endoscopy.

Meticulous documentation is recommended when managing patients who suffer non-fatal strangulation because medical records may be used as evidence in criminal investigations.

The prevalence of exercise-induced laryngeal obstruction is largely unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of this condition in a selected study population of patients with exercise-induced dyspnoea.

A retrospective analysis was conducted of demographic data, co-morbidities, medication, symptoms, performance level of sporting activities, continuous laryngoscopy exercise test results and subsequent treatment.

Data from 184 patients were analysed. The overall prevalence of exercise-induced laryngeal obstruction in the study population was 40 per cent, and the highest prevalence was among females aged under 18 years (61 per cent). However, a high prevalence among males aged under 18 years (50 per cent) and among adults regardless of gender (34 per cent) was also found.

The prevalence of exercise-induced laryngeal obstruction is clinically relevant regardless of age and gender. Clinicians are encouraged to consider exercise-induced laryngeal obstruction as a possible diagnosis in patients suffering from exercise-induced respiratory symptoms. No single characteristic that can distinguish exercise-induced laryngeal obstruction from other similar conditions was identified.

To explore the effects of pharyngeal packing on antral cross-sectional area, gastric volume and post-operative complications.

In this prospective, randomised, controlled study, 180 patients were randomly assigned to a control group or a pharyngeal packing group. Gastric antral dimensions were measured with pre- and post-operative ultrasound scanning. Presence and severity of post-operative nausea and vomiting and sore throat were recorded.

Post-operative antral cross-sectional area and gastric volume were significantly larger in the pharyngeal packing group compared to the control group. The incidence and severity of post-operative nausea and vomiting were significantly less in the pharyngeal packing group. More frequent and severe sore throat was observed in the control group within the ward. An increased Apfel simplified risk score and post-operative antral cross-sectional area were associated with post-operative nausea and vomiting during the first 2 hours, whereas septorhinoplasty and functional endoscopic sinus surgery, absent pharyngeal packing, and lower American Society of Anesthesiologists’ physical status were associated with post-operative nausea and vomiting within the ward.

Regardless of operation type, pharyngeal packing use resulted in smaller gastric volume, which was associated with reduced post-operative nausea and vomiting frequency and severity, and lower sore throat incidence.

This study aimed to identify associative factors for tracheostomy in patients presenting with airway obstruction.

Data from a tertiary hospital were reviewed to identify patients who presented with airway obstruction between 2009 and 2020. Patient demographics, causative pathology and treatments were analysed.

The study identified 297 admitted patients. Of these, 66 underwent a tracheostomy and formed the ‘tracheostomy’ group and 231 formed the ‘other intervention’ group. The tracheostomy group had a higher mean age (p = 0.003), and higher percentages of males (p = 0.031) and smokers or ex-smokers (p = 0.020), compared to the other intervention group. The tracheostomy group also had a higher number of patients with a malignancy (p < 0.001) compared to the other intervention group.

Being older, male, a previous or current smoker, or developing airway obstruction due to a malignancy were found to be the main associative factors for requiring a tracheostomy.

This study aimed to describe the epidemiology of laryngotracheal stenosis within a resource-constrained setting, whilst exploring the outcome correlates unique to Montgomery Safe-T-Tube stented laryngotracheoplasty.

A retrospective cross-sectional study of patients who underwent Montgomery Safe-T-Tube stented laryngotracheoplasty between January 2000 and December 2019 was performed.

Amongst 75 patients, most lesions were iatrogenic (78.7 per cent) and high-grade in severity (84 per cent). Following 101 laryngotracheoplasties, 57 patients (76 per cent) were successfully decannulated. Young age (84.6 per cent; p = 0.009), low-grade stenosis (100 per cent; p = 0.034) and airway-framework structural integrity (79.3 per cent; p = 0.004) were significant correlates of success. Restenosis (n = 43; 57.3 per cent), occurring at a median of 9.37 weeks following decannulation, was predominantly associated with antecedent dilatation (96.3 per cent; p < 0.001).

Demographic and clinical profiles play a pivotal role in the outcomes and complications of Montgomery Safe-T-Tube stented laryngotracheoplasty. The success rate validates the procedure within a resource-limited setting. There exist critical periods following both surgery and decannulation when the occurrence of adverse events is most likely.

Bronchoscopic removal of a foreign body is a common emergency procedure in paediatric otolaryngology. It is potentially life-threatening, as complete airway obstruction caused by the foreign body can lead to hypoxic cardiac arrest during the manipulation of the object.

This paper presents a child who had aspirated a foreign body that could not be extracted conventionally via rigid bronchoscopy in the first instance. Subsequently, it was extracted at repeat bronchoscopy under controlled respiratory conditions maintained by an extracorporeal gas exchange circuit – extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, using a polypropylene hollow fibre oxygenator commonly employed in cardiac surgery (rather than a more expensive polymethyl pentene oxygenator commonly used in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation).

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation use can be considered in exceptional cases of upper airway emergencies, even in resource-poor settings, and can avoid more hazardous thoracotomy and bronchotomy procedures.

Idiopathic subglottic stenosis describes subglottic stenosis where no inflammatory, traumatic, iatrogenic or other causative aetiology can be identified. The present study aimed to outline our institution's experience of patients diagnosed with idiopathic subglottic stenosis and describe a very rarely reported familial association.

A retrospective review was conducted of prospectively maintained medical records from 2011 to 2020. Patient clinical, radiological and intra-operative data were reviewed to assess for defined endpoints.

Ten patients with idiopathic subglottic stenosis were identified in this series. One familial pairing was identified, with two sisters presenting with the condition. Successful treatment with carbon dioxide laser and dilatation was achieved in most cases.

Idiopathic subglottic stenosis represents a rare, clinically challenging pathology. Management with endoscopic laser and balloon dilatation is an effective treatment. This paper highlights a very rare familial association, and describes our experience in treating idiopathic subglottic stenosis.

To report the outcome of 18 patients with a tracheostomy secondary to bilateral vocal fold immobility, who were managed using reconstructive transoral laser microsurgical techniques.

A retrospective review was conducted of the surgical outcome of 18 patients with bilateral vocal fold immobility and a tracheostomy resulting from different aetiologies. Follow-up duration ranged from one to five years.

A total of 18 patients had a tracheostomy at presentation because of bilateral true vocal fold immobility and stridor. All cases were treated using reconstructive transoral laser microsurgery with arytenoidectomy and vocal fold lateralisation. All patients were successfully decannulated by eight weeks after surgery.

Reconstructive transoral laser microsurgery using partial arytenoidectomy with vocal fold lateralisation is minimally invasive, feasible, safe and effective for airway reconstruction in patients who present with stridor due to bilateral true vocal fold immobility.

A 43-year-old woman presented with a 3-week history of globus sensation and malaise. A computed tomography scan of her neck showed a large right paratracheal abscess secondary to an infected tracheal diverticulum. The patient was admitted under the ENT surgical team, and underwent incision and drainage of the abscess. There were no post-operative complications and she was discharged home after 2 days, on oral antibiotics.

This case demonstrates that a tracheal diverticulum may become infected and present as a cervical abscess. To our knowledge, this is the fourth reported case in the international literature of abscess formation related to an infected tracheal diverticulum.

Post-tonsillectomy haemorrhage remains a significant complication despite modifications of technique and instrumentation. Intracapsular tonsillectomy spares the capsule as a protective barrier for underlying blood vessels and musculature. Its efficacy in children with sleep-disordered breathing has been established, along with lowered rates of haemorrhage and pain, but research pertaining to adults and for recurrent infections has been limited.

This retrospective study, encompassing 730 patients, compared post-operative haemorrhage rates between extracapsular (n = 379) and intracapsular tonsillectomy (n = 351) across all ages and indications using CoblationTM technology.

A significant difference in post-operative haemorrhage rate was observed between extracapsular and intracapsular tonsillectomy techniques (2.1 vs 0.3 per cent; p = 0.025). In addition, an age of 18 years or older was also found to be an independent risk factor for post-operative haemorrhage (p = 0.01).

CoblationTM intracapsular tonsillectomy was shown to be safe and effective across all ages and indications, with a low risk of bleeding and revision surgery.

Suprastomal granulation tissue is a common complication of long-term tracheostomy. It may be associated with bleeding, aphonia, airway obstruction and delayed decannulation.

This study describes the experience of a tertiary paediatric medical centre with CoblationTM-assisted suprastomal granulation tissue excision.

Thirteen children (mean age, 5.7 years) who underwent the procedure from 2013 to 2019 because of delayed decannulation or aphonia were included. Lumen obstruction ranged from 50 to 90 per cent, with a mean of 68.8 per cent. After the procedure, decannulation was successfully performed in 7 patients, and voice quality improved in 10 patients. There were no peri- or post-operative complications.

This is the largest series to date that describes Coblation used for the treatment of suprastomal granuloma. Coblation has advantages of high precision, relatively low temperature (thereby avoiding thermal injury to adjacent tissue), haemostatic resection and feasibility for use for even large granulomas. The promising results should prompt further studies in larger samples.

Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis is a potentially life-threatening condition characterised by the growth of exophytic lesions within the larynx and trachea. The principal aim of management is maintenance of an adequate airway by surgical debulking. Several adjuvant therapies have been used to varying effect to reduce the burden of this disease and increase the interval between debulking procedures. The most severe cases present in children aged under three years, who are therefore most likely to need adjuvant therapies. The current evidence base on adjuvant treatments relating to children who present aged under three years has been reviewed.

A literature review of articles in Cochrane, PubMed and Embase databases was carried out. Given the rarity of the condition in this age group, all the literature relates to case reports and case series.

The following adjuvant therapies have been used in children who presented under three years of age: quadrivalent human papilloma virus vaccine, intralesional cidofovir, pegylated interferon, alpha-interferon, cimetidine and cetuximab.

Total rhinectomy is an invasive procedure that significantly impairs the intranasal turbulence, humidification and heating of inspired air. The use of uvulopalatopharyngoplasty for the treatment of sleep-disordered breathing disorders such as primary snoring and obstructive sleep apnoea has diminished over the past years because of the emergence of less invasive procedures and alternative therapeutic options. This clinical record presents the treatment of a long-term side effect of total rhinectomy using uvulopalatopharyngoplasty.

In 1997, a 62-year-old male underwent total rhinectomy for a nasal schwannoma, followed by rehabilitation with a nasal prosthesis. Twenty-one years later, he presented with severe complaints of nasal blockage and breathing difficulties during both daytime and night-time. Clinical examination revealed no major anomalies besides significant velopharyngeal narrowing. Thus, in 2019, uvulopalatopharyngoplasty was performed to re-establish velopharyngeal patency. Hereafter, the symptoms of nasal blockage disappeared, resulting in an improved quality of life.

Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty may prove useful to treat selected patients with daytime breathing difficulties due to velopharyngeal narrowing.

To describe the utility of sleep nasendoscopy in determining the level of upper airway obstruction compared to microlaryngotracheobronchoscopy.

A retrospective observational study was conducted at a tertiary level paediatric hospital. Patients clinically diagnosed with upper airway obstruction warranting surgical intervention (i.e. with obstructive sleep apnoea or laryngomalacia) were included. These patients underwent sleep nasendoscopy in the anaesthetic room; microlaryngotracheobronchoscopy was subsequently performed and findings were compared.

Twenty-seven patients were included in the study. Sleep nasendoscopy was able to induce stridor or stertor, and to detect obstruction at the level of palate and pharynx, including tongue base collapse, that was not observed with microlaryngotracheobronchoscopy. Only 47 per cent of patients who had prolapse or indrawing of arytenoids on sleep nasendoscopy had similar findings on microlaryngotracheobronchoscopy. However, microlaryngotracheobronchoscopy was better in diagnosing shortened aryepiglottic folds.

This study demonstrates the utility of sleep nasendoscopy in determining the level and severity of obstruction by mimicking physiological sleep dynamics of the upper airway.

The use of three-dimensional printing has been rapidly expanding over the last several decades. Virtual surgical three-dimensional simulation and planning has been shown to increase efficiency and accuracy in various clinical scenarios.

To report the feasibility of three-dimensional printing in paediatric laryngotracheal stenosis and discuss potential applications of three-dimensional printed models in airway surgery.

Retrospective case series in a tertiary care aerodigestive centre.

Three-dimensional printing was undertaken in two cases of paediatric laryngotracheal stenosis. One patient with grade 4 subglottic stenosis with posterior glottic involvement underwent an extended partial cricotracheal reconstruction. Another patient with grade 4 tracheal stenosis underwent tracheal resection and end-to-end anastomosis. Models of both tracheas were printed using PolyJet technology from a Stratasys Connex2 printer.

It is feasible to demonstrate stenosis in three-dimensional printed models, allowing for patient-specific pre-operative surgical simulation. The models serve as an educational tool for patients’ understanding of the surgery, and for teaching residents and fellows.

Deep neck space abscesses are an uncommon but life-threatening emergency presentation to the ENT surgeon because of potential acute airway compromise.

This paper presents a novel case of a palatine tonsillar, low-flow, lymphovenous malformation pre-disposing to multifocal deep neck space collections and resultant acute airway compromise.

To present clinical experience and surgical outcomes of end-to-end anastomosis in the management of laryngotracheal stenosis and tracheal defects following invasive thyroid malignancy resection.

A retrospective analysis was performed of 14 patients with laryngotracheal stenosis and tracheal invasive thyroid malignancy. All patients underwent tracheal or cricotracheal resection and primary end-to-end anastomosis.

Length of stenosis was 1.7–4 cm. Stenosis was classified as Myer and Cotton grade II in 4 patients, grade III in 6 and grade IV in 2. Surgical procedures included tracheotracheal end-to-end anastomosis (n = 4), cricotracheal anastomosis (n = 2) and thyrotracheal anastomosis (n = 6). Patients with invasive thyroid malignancy underwent segmental resection of the involved segment with tumour-free margins, and tracheal or cricotracheal end-to-end anastomosis. Successful decannulation was achieved in 13 patients (93 per cent). Post-operative complications were: wound infection (n = 1), subcutaneous emphysema (n = 1), temporary unilateral vocal fold palsy (n = 1), granulation tissue development (n = 1), and restenosis (n = 2).

End-to-end anastomosis can be used safely and successfully in the management of advanced laryngotracheal stenosis and wide laryngotracheal defects. Greater success can be achieved using previously described surgical rules and laryngotracheal release manoeuvres.