This chapter of the handbook consists of a two-part discussion of moral communication, highlighting the topic of punishment. In the first part, the authors focus on what makes human forms of communication distinctive, whether linguistic or nonlinguistic, and on what distinguishes moralized norms from normative attitudes and behaviors. They argue that the transgression of moralized norms is distinctive in that it tends to provoke a strong desire to punish transgressors, where such punishment has a communicative dimension. In the second part, the authors review psychological research on why people punish and discuss its communicative aspects. They propose that a communicative framework not only resolves major ongoing debates between traditional camps (retributive vs. consequentialist) but also potentially accounts for some otherwise puzzling findings. Studying the symbolic meaning of punishment along with its intended recipients opens up promising new avenues for research into factors that could modulate people‘s taste for punishment.

This chapter proposes a way to investigate and evaluate the moral standing of cultural customs different from one’s own without falling into ethnocentrism. As a methodological approach the authors adopt the perspective of “moral realism,” which is the view that there are absolute moral truths that supply all human beings with good reasons for their judgments about what is right or wrong and possess a normative authority that supersedes social consensus and personal desire. According to the authors genuine moral absolutes are abstract forms that provide the skeletal structure for the development of any genuinely moral cultural tradition; while it is their fate to be specified and implemented locally and to assume an historically provincial moral shape. To illustrate this relationship between moral reality and cultural specificity, the authors analyze several ethnographic examples of distinctive and even clashing moral traditions. These include clashes between Brahman Hindu Indian and Western secular views of a widow’s obligations and tensions between Native American whalers’ and whaling protesters’ attitudes toward whaling.

Chapter 5 focuses on sonification, which is a developing method with great opportunities and potential to be used in participatory research with adolescents. Sonification can be particularly useful and complementary to more traditional visual methods for data sharing and dissemination. The downside is the need for specific software and knowledge on programming; however, new methods less reliant on technology are slowly changing sonification and being used in more settings.

The perspective of the Greek historian Procopius, narrating the campaigns under Justinian in the East, North Africa, and Italy, proves to coincide with that of Cassiodorus. Procopius’ world is one of cities, with the exception of barbarian zones, which are city free. In Persia, Africa, and Italy was is fought over cities in a series of sieges. Adversaries are judged on their appreciation of critical elements of cities. The Persian Chosroes sacks Roman cities, but builds his own. The Vandals in Africa are sharply criticised for their demolition of city walls, which proves their military undoing. The Goths in Italy have a varied record: Theoderic is given credit for the sort of respect for Roman law, tradition, and city fabric which Cassiodorus documents, but his last successors, especially Totila, earn criticism, and ultimately defeat, for demolishing city walls.

Module 1 lays the foundation for understanding culture and cultural differences to be discussed later in the text by examining basic elements of the psychology of culture. Anthropological evidence suggests humans evolved cognitive enhanced capacities to facilitate social interaction, but which also made us unavoidably aware of our mortality. Cultures have increased in complexity and diversified, developing unique systems of values and ethics.

Venlafaxine (1-[2-(dimethylamino)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]cyclohexan-1-ol) is a bicyclic antidepressant with a molecular weight of 277.4 and an empirical formula of C17H27NO2. Each ER capsule of venlafaxine hydrochloride 85 mg is equivalent to 75 mg of venlafaxine free base.

The Movement Disorders Prescriber’s Guide to Parkinson’s Disease provides a comprehensive and succinct guide for all clinicians and health professionals involved in the treatment of people with Parkinson’s disease. The guide provides practical information for use by clinicians and healthcare practitioners at all levels.

The chapters are alphabetical and follow the same format to enable quick retrieval of required information. Clinical experience of place in therapy and practice vignettes are included in each chapter.

Safinamide ((+)-(S)-2-({p-[(m-fluorobenzyl)oxy]benzyl}amino)propionamide) has a molecular weight of 302.3 and a molecular formula of C17H19FN2O2.

This chapter of the handbook posits utilitarianism as a standard of rational moral judgment. The author does not directly defend utilitarianism as a theory but investigates cases of apparent contradiction between people’s moral decisions (sometimes grounded in nonutilitarian principles) and the consequences of those decisions that they themselves would consider worse for themselves and everybody else. For example, when some people use a moral principle (e.g., bodily autonomy) to assertively make a decision (e.g., to not get vaccinated), it has negative moral consequences for others (e.g., infecting people) and for themselves (risking infection). The author asks whether such contradictions in moral reasoning can provide insights into some of the determinants of such reasoning. These insights, importantly, are valuable even for those who do not adopt utilitarianism as a normative model. From over a dozen candidate moral contradictions, the author concludes that many deviations from utilitarian considerations in moral contexts are reflections of familiar nonmoral cognitive biases, but some arise from adherence to strong moral rules or principles (e.g., protected or sacred values).

Chapter 6 describes photovoice and other visual methods. These methods have the capacity to elicit thoughts and emotions very effectively. Methods which intrinsically enable empowerment and advocate for social change are very suitable for participatory adolescent health research. Specific ethical considerations are required due to the inclusion of other people in photographs; these issues are described in detail.