During the last few years, Branko Grünbaum, Micha Perles, and others have made extensive use of Gale transforms and Gale diagrams in investigating the properties of convex polytopes. Up to the present, this technique has been applied almost entirely in connection with combinatorial and enumeration problems. In this paper we begin by showing that Gale transforms are also useful in investigating properties of an essentially metrical nature, namely the symmetries of a convex polytope. Our main result here (Theorem (10)) is that, in a manner that will be made precise later, the symmetry group of a polytope can be represented faithfully by the symmetry group of a Gale transform of its vertices. If a d-polytope P ⊂ Ed has an axis of symmetry A (that is, A is a linear subspace of Ed such that the reflection in A is a symmetry of P), then it is called axi-symmetric. Using Gale transforms we are able to determine, in a simple manner, the possible numbers and dimensions of axes of symmetry of axi-symmetric polytopes.

Let G be an additive group with nonempty subsets S and T. Let S ± T = {s ± t; s ∊ S, t ∊ T}, let S be the set complement of S in G, and let |S| be the cardinality of S. We abbreviate {f} where f ∊ G to f. If S + S and S have no element in common, then we say that S is a sum-free set in G or that S is sum-free in G. If S is a sum-free set in G and if for every sum-free set T in G, |S| ≧ |T|, then S is said to be a maximal sum-free set in G. We denote by λ(G) the cardinality of a maximal sum-free set in G. We say that S is in arithmetic progression having difference d if S = {s, s + d, …, s + nd} for some s, d ∊ G and some integer n ≧ 0.

In this paper we study incompressible and injective (see § 2 for definitions) surfaces embedded in M2 × S1, where M2 is a surface and S1 is the 1-sphere. We are able to characterize embeddings which are incompressible in M2 × S1 when M2 is closed and orientable. Namely, a necessary and sufficient condition for the closed surface F to be incompressible in M2 × S1, where M2is closed and orientable, is that there exists an ambient isotopy ht, 0 ≦ t ≦ 1, of M2 × S1onto itself so that either

(i) there is a non-trivial simple closed curve J ⊂ M2 and h1(F) = J × S1, or

(ii) p\h1(F) is a covering projection of h1(F) onto M2, where p is the natural projection of M2 × S1onto M2.

This note is an addendum to my earlier paper [8]. The class of adjoint abelian operators discussed there was small because the compatibility relation between the operator and the duality map was too restrictive. (In effect, the relation is appropriate for Hilbert space, but ill-suited for other Banach spaces where the unit ball is not round.) However, the techniques introduced in [8] permit us to readily obtain a spectral theory (of the Dunford type) for a wider class of operators on Banach spaces, as we shall show.

A duality system for the operator T is an ordered sextuple

(i) T is a bounded linear operator mapping the Banach space B into B,

(ii) ϕ is a duality map from B to B*. Thus, for x ∊ B, ϕ(x) = x* ∊ B*, where ‖x‖ = ‖x*‖ and x*(x) = ‖x‖2. The existence of ϕ follows easily from the Hahn-Banach Theorem.

1. Our aim in this paper is to determine a necessary and sufficient condition for N∅rlund summability of Fourier series and to include a wider class of classical results. A Fourier series, of a Lebesgue-integrable function, is said to be summable at a point by N∅rlund method (N, pn), as defined by Hardy [1], if pn → Σpn → ∞, and the point is in a certain subset of the Lebesgue set. The following main results are known.

Let f(z) be a function meromorphic in the unit disc D = (|z| < 1). We consider the maximum modulus

and the minimum modulus

When no confusion is likely, we shall write M(r) and m(r) in place of M(r,f) and m(r,f).

Since every normal holomorphic function belongs to an invariant normal family, a theorem of Hayman [6, Theorem 6.8] yields the following result.

THEOREM 1. If f(z) is a normal holomorphic function in the unit disc D, then

(1)

This means that for normal holomorphic functions, M(r) cannot grow too rapidly. The main result of this paper (Theorem 5, also due to Hayman, but unpublished) is that a similar situation holds for normal meromorphic functions.

That the class of fully complete (B-complete) locally convex spaces has an essential role has been well-established (see, e.g., Collins [2], Husain [12], and Pták [16]). However, it is still the case that very little is known concerning full-completeness in function spaces except when implied by formally stronger properties (e.g., Fréchet), and our aim in this article is to shed some light in this direction. Our approach is to use the unifying notion of the weighted spaces CV0(X) discussed in [19; 20], since such spaces provide a general setting for the study of virtually all continuous function spaces encountered in analysis.

The results to be presented here divide naturally into three sections with § 2 being consigned the preliminary definitions and theorems. In § 3 we obtain a necessary condition for full-completeness in a class of function spaces, and consider certain consequences of this result.

In [5], Zenor stated the definition of weakly normal. In the main, since weak normality does not imply either normality or regularity, various properties related to either normality or regularity will be considered in the context of weak normality.

Throughout this paper the word “space” will mean topological space. The closure of a point set M will be denoted by cl(M). The closure of a point set M with respect to the subspace K will be denoted by cl(M, K).

Definition 1. A space S is weakly normal provided that if is a monotonically decreasing sequence of closed sets in S with no common part and H is a closed set in S not intersecting H1, then there is a positive integer N and an open set D such that HN ⊂ D and cl(D) does not intersect H.

Throughout this paper a ring will always be an associative, not necessarily commutative ring with an identity. It is tacitly assumed that the identity of a subring coincides with that of the whole ring. A ring R is said to be residually finite if it satisfies one of the following equivalent conditions:

(1) Every non-zero ideal of R is of finite index in R;

(2) For each non-zero ideal A of R, the residue class ring R/A is finite;

(3) Every proper homomorphic image of R is finite.

The class of residually finite rings is large enough to merit our investigation. All finite rings and all simple rings are trivially residually finite. Other residually finite rings are said to be proper.

In this paper we shall prove that every finite lattice is isomorphic to a sublattice of the degrees of unsolvability, and that every one of a certain class of finite lattices is isomorphic to an initial segment of degrees.

Acknowledgment. I am grateful to Ralph McKenzie for his assistance in matters of lattice theory.

1. Representation of lattices. The equivalence lattice of the set S consists of all equivalence relations on S, ordered by setting θ ≦ θ’ if for all a and b in S, a θ b ⇒ a θ’ b. The least upper bound and greatest lower bound in are given by the ⋃ and ⋂ operations:

We say a (plane) set A contains all sets of some type if, for each B of type , there is a subset of A that is congruent to B. Recently, Besicovitch and Rado [3] and independently, Kinney [5] have constructed sets of plane measure zero containing all circles. In these papers it is pointed out that the set of all similar rectangles, some sets of confocal conies and other such classes of sets can be contained in sets of plane measure zero, but all these generalizations rely in some way on the symmetry, or similarity of the sets within the given type.

In this paper we construct a set of plane measure zero containing all finite polygonal arcs (i.e., the one-dimensional boundaries of all polygons with a finite number of sides) with slightly stronger results if we restrict our attention to k-gons for some fixed k.

Soit Y un espace localement convexe complet, la topologie étant définie par une famille de semi-normes {pα}. Soit A un opérateur fermé de domaine D(A) dense dans Y. Nous considérons dans cet article des fonctions u de la variable réelle t à valeurs dans Y. On dit que u(t) ∈ Cl[(a, b); Y] est une solution au sens classique de l'équation différentielle abstraite (ou opérationnelle)

(1)

si pour tout t ∈ (a, b), u(t) ∈ D(A), et satisfait la relation

élément de Y, f étant une fonction continue à valeurs dans Y.

Dans leur important mémoire [1], Agmon et Nirenberg ont étudié en détail les propriétés des solutions d'une telle équation dans le cas où Y est un espace de Banach.

In [3], the perfect rings of Bass [1] were characterized in terms of torsions in the following way:

A ring R is right perfect if and only if every (hereditary) torsion in the categoryMod Rof all left R-modules is fundamental (i.e. generated by some minimal torsions) and closed under taking direct products; as a consequence, the number of all torsions inMod Ris finite and equal to 2n for a natural n.

Here, we present a simple description of those rings R which allow only two (trivial) torsions, viz. 0 and Mod R (and thus, are right perfect by [3]). Finite direct sums of these rings represent a natural generalization of completely reducible (i.e. artinian semisimple) rings (cf. Theorem 2) and we shall call them for that matter π-reducible rings. They can also be characterized in terms of their idempotent two-sided ideals.

In this paper we prove that the proper Dirichlet subalgebras of the disc algebra discovered by Browder and Wermer [1] are maximal subalgebras of the disc algebra (Theorem 2). We also give an extension to general function algebras of a theorem of Rudin [4] on the existence of maximal subalgebras of C(X). Theorem 1 implies that every function algebra defined on an uncountable metric space has a maximal subalgebra.

A function algebra A on X is a uniformly closed, point-separating subalgebra of C(X), containing the constants, where X is a compact Hausdorff space. If A and B are function algebras on X, A ⊂ B, A ≠ B, we say A is a maximal subalgebra of B if whenever C is a function algebra on X with A ⊂ C ⊂ B, either C = A or C = B.

In [1, p. 41, Theorem 3.10] Arhangel'skiï proved that the perfect image of a completely regular space of countable type is of countable type, and he asked [1, p. 60, problem 4] if a similar result held for regular or Hausdorff spaces. In this paper, it is proved that the perfect image of a space of countable type is of countable type, provided that the image is Hausdorff or regular. An affirmative answer to both of Arhangel'skiï's questions follows immediately from this. Arhangel'skiï made use of the Stone-Čech compactification in the proof of his result, but the proofs below are of a different nature.

Let X be a topological space and let K ⊂ X. A collection of open sets is called a base at K provided that for every open set W ⊃ K there exists such that K ⊂ U ⊂ W. Clearly, we may assume that every member of contains K.

An R-module N is said to have finite width n if n is the smallest integer such that for any set of n + 1 elements of N, at least one of the elements is in the submodule generated by the remaining n. The width of N over R will be denoted by W(R, N).

The notion of width was introduced by Brameret [2, p. 3605]. However, Cohen [3] investigated rings of finite rank, which, in the case that R is a local Noetherian domain, is equivalent to width (Proposition 1.6). He showed that finite width of R was both equivalent to R having Krull dimension one, and to R having the restricted minimum condition (Theorem 1.12).

Let F be a local field with ring of integers and unique prime ideal (p). Suppose that V a finite-dimensional regular quadratic space over F, W and W′ are two isometric subspaces of V (i.e. τ: W → W′ is an isometry from W to W′). By the well-known Witt's Theorem, τ can always be extended to an isometry σ ∈ O(V).

The integral analogue of this theorem has been solved over non-dyadic local fields by James and Rosenzweig [2], over the 2-adic fields by Trojan [4], and partially over the dyadics by Hsia [1], all for the special case that W is a line. In this paper we give necessary and sufficient conditions that two arbitrary dimensional subspaces W and W′ are integrally equivalent over non-dyadic local fields.

Let [3, p. 170, (16)]

(1.1)

denote the Jacobi polynomial of order (α, β), α, β > – 1, and let g(k, m, n; α, β) be denned by

(1.2)

where Rn(α, β)(x) = Pn(α, β)(x)/Pn(α, β)(1). It is well known [1; 2; 4; 5; 6] that the harmonic analysis of Jacobi polynomials depends, at crucial points, on the answers to the following two questions.

Question 1. For which (α, β) do we have

(1.3)

Question 2. For which (α, β) do we have

(1.4)

where G depends only on (α, β)?

Let p be a rational prime, G a non-trivial finite p group, and K the field of p elements, regarded as a trivial G-module according to context; then we define:

d(G) = dimKH1(G, K), the minimal number of generators of G,

r(G) = dimKH2(G, K),

r′(G) = the minimal number of relations required to define G,

where, in the last equation, it is sufficient to take the minimum over those presentations of G with d(G) generators. It is well known (see § 2) that the following inequalities hold:

We shall consider only finite p-groups, so that the class of groups with r = d coincides with that consisting of those groups whose Schur multiplicator is trivial.