In a recent paper M. Cho [5] asked whether Taylor's joint spectrum σ(a1, …, an; X) of a commuting n-tuple (a1,…, an) of continuous linear operators in a Banach space X is contained in the closure V(a1, …, an; X)- of the joint spatial numerical range of (a1, …, an). Among other things we prove that even the convex hull of the classical joint spectrum Sp(a1, …, an; 〈a1, …, an〉), considered in the Banach algebra 〈a1, …, an〉, generated by a1, …, an, is contained in V(a1, …, an; X)-.

I was recently challenged to find all the cases when the sum of three consecutive integral cubes is a square; that is to find all integral solutions x, y of

y2=(x−1)3+x3+(x+1)3

=3x(x2+2)

This is an example of a curve of genus 1. There is an effective procedure for finding all integral points on a given curve of genus 1 ([1, Theorem 4.2], [2]): that is, it can be guaranteed to find all the integral points and to show that no others exist with a finite amount of work. Unlike some effective procedures, which have only logical interest, this one can actually be carried out in practice, at least with the aid of a computer ([3], [5]). There are, however, older methods for dealing with problems of this kind which, while not effective, very often lead more easily to a complete set of solutions (and a proof that it is complete). I solve the problem here by a technique introduced in [4]. It requires only the elementary theory of algebraic number–fields. The motivation is p–adic, but it is simpler not to introduce p–adic theory overtly.

The notation and terminology of this paper coincide with that of reference [4], except that here the term, compactification, refers to a T1-space. It is known that a completely regular totally bounded Hausdorff quasi-uniform space (X, ) has a Hausdorff compactification if and only if contains a uniformity compatible with ℱ() [4, Theorem 3.47]. The use of regular filters by E. M. Alfsen and J. E. Fenstad [1] and O. Njåstad [5], suggests a construction of a compactification, which differs markedly from the construction obtained in [4]. We use this construction to show that a totally bounded T1 quasi-uniform space has a compactification if and only if it is point symmetric. While it is pleasant to have a characterization that obtains for all T1-spaces, the present construction has several further attributes. Unlike the compactification obtained in [4], the compactification given here preserves both total boundedness and uniform weight, and coincides with the uniform completion when the quasi-uniformity under consideration is a uniformity. Moreover, any quasi-uniformly continuous map from the underlying quasi-uniform space of the compactification onto any totally bounded compact T1-space has a quasi-uniformly continuous extension to the compactification. If is the Pervin quasi-uniformity of a T1-space X, the compactification we obtain is the Wallman compactification of (X, ℱ ()). It follows that our construction need not provide a Hausdorff compactification, even when such a compactification exists; but we obtain a sufficient condition in order that our compactification be a Hausdorff space and note that this condition is satisfied by all uniform spaces and all normal equinormal quasi-uniform spaces. Finally, we note that our construction is reminiscent of the completion obtained by Á. Császár for an arbitrary quasi-uniform space [2, Section 3]; in particular our Theorem 3.7 is comparable with the result of [2, Theorem 3.5].

A semigroup endowed with a unary operation satisfying the identities

is a completely regular semigroup. In several recent papers devoted to the study of the lattice of subvarieties of the variety of completely regular semigroups, various results have been obtained which decompose special intervals in into either direct products or subdirect products. Petrich [14], Hall and Jones [6] and Rasin [20] have shown that certain intervals of the form , where is the trivial variety and are subdirect products of and Pastijn and Trotter [13] show that certain intervals of the form are direct products of the intervals and The main objective of this paper is to develop an appropriate lattice theoretic framework for these representations.

Let Tn denote the full transformation semigroup on the finite set = {1, 2, … n}, that is the set of all mappings from to , with function composition as the semigroup operation. In this paper algorithms are introduced to solve equations such as axmb = c and ax = xb (a, b, c ∊ Tn), which employ a representation of members of Tn as special directed graphs.

Semilocal and related classes of group rings have been investigated by many authors (cf. [10]). In particular, the following results have been obtained.

Theorem A[4,10]. Let K be a field and G a group.

(i) If ch K = 0, then K[G] is semilocal if and only if G is finite.

(ii) If ch K = p>0 and G is locally finite, then K[G] is semilocal if and only if G contains a p-subgroup of finite index.

In the case of semigroup rings some stronger conditions have been studied. Munn examined the semisimple artinian situation [6]. Zelmanov showed that if K[G]is artinian then G must be finite [11].

In [8], [9] R. Rautmann has given a systematic development of error estimates for the spectral Galerkin approximations of the solution of the Navier–Stokes equations (spectral in the sense that one chooses as basis functions the eigenfunctions of the Stokes operator).

Error estimates are presented locally in time, valid on a finite interval determined by certain norms of the data. If one assumes the solution to be approximated is uniformly regular fort ≥ 0, the method gives an error estimate which grows exponentially with time. Without further assumptions this is the best estimate that one can expect. However, as pointed out in [2] by J. G. Heywood, if one assumes, additionally, that the solution to be approximated is stable, then one obtains an error estimate which is uniform in time.

Let G be a simple, simply connected, compact Lie group, and let M be an orientable, smooth, connected, closed 4-manifold. In this paper, we calculate the homotopy type of the suspension of M and the homotopy types of the gauge groups of principal G-bundles over M when π1(M) is (1) ℤ*m, (2) ℤ/prℤ, or (3) ℤ*m*(*nj=1ℤ/prjjℤ), where p and the pj's are odd primes.

The investigation of general F-abundant semigroups is initiated. After obtaining some properties of such semigroups, the structure of a class of F-abundant semigroups is established. In addition, a problem raised in [2] is positively answered.

It is known that every complete Boolean algebra of projections on a Banach space X is strongly closed and bounded and that, although the converse of this result fails in general, it is valid if X is weakly sequentially complete [1, XVII. 3, pp. 2194–2201]. In the present note it is shown that this converse is in fact valid precisely when X contains no subspace isomorphics to the sequence space c0. More explicitly, the following two results are proved. In both, X may be a real or complex space, but c0 will consist of the null sequences in the underlying scalar field.

We investigate the radial behavior of holomorphic functions in the unit ball $B$ of $\mtc^n$. In particular, we prove the existence of universal holomorphic functions $f$ in the following sense : given any measurable function $\vphi$ on $\partial B$, there is a sequence $(r_n)_{n\geq 1}$, $0<r_n<1$, that converges to 1, such that $f(r_n\xi)$ converges to $\vphi(\xi)$ for almost every $\xi\,{\in}\,\partial B$.

A (bounded, linear) operator H on a Banach space is said to be hermitian if ∥exp(itH)∥ = 1 for all real t. An operator N on is said to be normal if N = H + iK, where H and K are commuting hermitian operators. These definitions generalize those familiar concepts of operators on Hilbert spaces. Also, the normal derivations defined in [1] are normal operators. For more details about hermitian operators and normal operators on general Banach spaces, see [4]. The main result concerning normal operators in the present paper is the following theorem.

Let $G$ be a locally soluble-by-finite group in which every non-subnormal subgroup has finite rank. It is proved that either $G$ has finite rank or $G$ is soluble and locally nilpotent (and even a Baer group). On the other hand, a group $G$ is constructed that has infinite rank and satisfies the given hypothesis, but does not have every subgroup subnormal.

Some well-known results about the 2-density topology on ${\mathcal R}$ (in particular in the context of the Lusin–Menchoff property) are extended to τbm , i.e. the m-density topology on ${\mathcal R}$ n with m ∈ (n,+∞). Every set of finite perimeter in ${\mathcal R}$ n is equivalent (in measure) to a set in τb m 0 , where m 0=n+1+ ${1\over n-1}$ . There exists a set of finite perimeter in ${\mathcal R}$ n which is not equivalent (in measure) to any member in the a.e.-modification of τbm , whatever m ∈ [n,+∞).

We recall that a polynomial f(X) ∈ K[X] over a field K is called stable if all its iterates are irreducible over K. We show that almost all monic quadratic polynomials f(X) ∈ ℤ[X] are stable over ℚ. We also show that the presence of squares in so-called critical orbits of a quadratic polynomial f(X) ∈ ℤ[X] can be detected by a finite algorithm; this property is closely related to the stability of f(X). We also prove there are no stable quadratic polynomials over finite fields of characteristic 2 but they exist over some infinite fields of characteristic 2.

Given a normed linear space X, let S(X), X′, B(X) denote respectively the unit sphere {x: ∥x∥ = 1} of X, the dual space of X, and the algebra of all bounded linear mappings of X into X. For each x ∊ S(X) and T ∊ B(X), let Dx(x) = {f e X′:∥f∥ = f(x)= 1}, and V(T; x) = {f(Tx):f∊Dx(x)}. The numerical range V(T) is then defined by

G. B. Preston [10] proved that any semigroup can be embedded in a bisimple monoid. If S is a countable semigroup, his constructive proof yields a bisimple monoid which is also countable, but not necessarily finitely generated. The main result of this paper is that any countable semigroup can be embedded in a 2-generated bisimple monoid.

J. M. Howie [6] proved that any semigroup can be embedded in an idempotentgenerated semigroup. F. Pastijn [9] showed that any semigroup can be embedded in a bisimple idempotent-generated semigroup, and that any countable semigroup can be embedded in a semigroup which is generated by 3 idempotents. Easy proofs of these results using Rees matrix semigroups over a semigroup were given by the author [3]. In this paper, as a corollary to our main result, we deduce that any countable semigroup can be embedded in a bisimple semigroup which is generated by 3 idempotents.

We define model structures on a triangulated category with respect to some proper classes of triangles and give a general study of triangulated model structures. We look at the relationship between these model structures and cotorsion pairs with respect to a proper class of triangles on the triangulated category. In particular, we get Hovey's one-to-one correspondence between triangulated model structures and complete cotorsion pairs with respect to a proper class of triangles. Some applications are given.

Our aim in this paper is to investigate the restrictions placed on the structure of a finite group if it can be generated by subnormal T-subgroups (a T-group is a group in which every subnormal subgroup is normal). For notational convenience we denote by the class of finite groups that can be generated by subnormal T-subgroups and by the subclass of of those finite groups generated by normal T-subgroups; and for the remainder of this paper we will only consider finite groups.

An n-tournament is a set of n labelled points, each pair A, B of which is joined either by the oriented line AB or by the oriented line BA. There are N = n(n –1)/2 such pairs and so Fn different n-tournaments, where Fn = 2N. A tournament is reducible if the points can be separated into two non-empty subsets and ℬ, such that every line joining a point in to a point in ℬ is directed towards the point in ℬ. Rado [3] showed that an irreducible tournamentis strongly connected; i.e. for every ordered pair of points A, B, there is a sequence of correctly oriented lines AC1, C1C2, …, ChB in the tournament, and conversely that a strongly connected tournament is irreducible.