This study aimed to determine if a history of tinnitus is associated with the risk of developing dementia.

A nationwide population-based case–control study including all eligible adults in Taiwan.

A total of 15 686 patients were included in the study, with 7843 individuals making up each of the case and control groups. Patients with a history of tinnitus were associated with a statistically significant higher risk of being diagnosed with dementia before reaching 65 years old (50 years ≤ age <65 years) (adjusted odds ratio 2.68, 95 per cent confidence interval (CI) 1.19–6.05, p = 0.017). No statistical significance was found among those 65 years and older (adjusted odds ratio 1.17, 95 per cent CI 0.90–1.51, p = 0.235).

A history of tinnitus was associated with a 168 per cent increased risk of being diagnosed with dementia in those aged 50–65 years old. This association was not significant in those older than 65 years.

Hearing loss and tinnitus have been proposed as potential indicators of impaired mental health and brain morphological changes.

To assess the associations of hearing loss and tinnitus with the risk of depression and anxiety and with brain volume.

We conducted a community-based cohort study including 129 610 participants aged 40−69 years at recruitment to the UK Biobank with a follow-up period during 2006–2021 to estimate the risk of depression and anxiety after detection of hearing loss and reported tinnitus. We also assessed the associations of hearing loss and tinnitus with brain volume in a subsample with available brain magnetic resonance imaging data (N = 5222).

We observed an increased risk of depression among individuals with hearing loss (hazard ratio [HR] 1.14, 95% CI 1.03–1.26), tinnitus (HR 1.30, 95% CI 1.21–1.41) or both (HR 1.32, 95% CI 1.15–1.52), compared with individuals with neither hearing loss nor tinnitus. Similar results were noted for anxiety (HR 1.18, 95% CI 1.07–1.30 for hearing loss; HR 1.32, 95% CI 1.22–1.43 for tinnitus; and HR 1.48, 95% CI 1.30–1.68 for both). Hearing loss was associated with decreased overall brain volume as well as decreased volume of different brain regions. The latter associations disappeared after adjustment for whole intracranial volume. Tinnitus was associated with greater left accumbens and right occipital pole volume after adjustment for the whole intracranial volume.

Individuals with tinnitus are at increased risk of depression and anxiety. Hearing loss, on the other hand, is associated with both mood disorders and altered brain morphology.

This study aimed to assess degree of audiovestibular handicap in patients with vestibular schwannoma.

Audiovestibular handicap was assessed using the Hearing Handicap Inventory, Tinnitus Handicap Inventory and Dizziness Handicap Inventory. Patients completed questionnaires at presentation and at least one year following treatment with microsurgery, stereotactic radiosurgery or observation. Changes in audiovestibular handicap and factors affecting audiovestibular handicap were assessed.

All handicap scores increased at follow up, but not significantly. The Tinnitus Handicap Inventory and Dizziness Handicap Inventory scores predicted tinnitus and dizziness respectively. The Hearing Handicap Inventory was not predictive of hearing loss. Age predicted Tinnitus Handicap Inventory score and microsurgery was associated with a deterioration in Dizziness Handicap Inventory score.

Audiovestibular handicap is common in patients with vestibular schwannoma, with 75 per cent having some degree of handicap in at least one inventory. The overall burden of handicap was, however, low. The increased audiovestibular handicap over time was not statistically significant, irrespective of treatment modality.

To establish outcomes following photobiomodulation therapy for tinnitus in humans and animal studies.

A systematic review and narrative synthesis was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. The databases searched were: Medline, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (‘Central’), ClinicalTrials.gov and Web of Science including the Web of Science Core collection. There were no limits on language or year of publication.

The searches identified 194 abstracts and 61 full texts. Twenty-eight studies met the inclusion criteria, reporting outcomes in 1483 humans (26 studies) and 34 animals (2 studies). Photobiomodulation therapy parameters included 10 different wavelengths, and duration ranged from 9 seconds to 30 minutes per session. Follow up ranged from 7 days to 6 months.

Tinnitus outcomes following photobiomodulation therapy are generally positive and superior to no photobiomodulation therapy; however, evidence of long-term therapeutic benefit is deficient. Photobiomodulation therapy enables concentrated, focused delivery of light therapy to the inner ear through a non-invasive manner, with minimal side effects.

Tonic tensor tympani syndrome is found in a subset of tinnitus patients who experience intra-aural and peri-aural symptoms, in addition to their tinnitus, in the absence of clinically detectable pathology. As the syndrome has not been widely reported, this study aims to determine its prevalence and evaluate the effectiveness of current management.

The tinnitus management clinic records of patients over the past six years were assessed to identify tonic tensor tympani syndrome patients and track their progress based on patient-reported Tinnitus Handicap Index scores. Patients with reversible ear pathology and temporomandibular joint disorder were excluded.

It was found that 13 per cent of the tinnitus management patients fulfilled the criteria for tonic tensor tympani syndrome and 94 per cent of those who returned for follow up showed an improvement in their Tinnitus Handicap Index grades.

This study suggests that tonic tensor tympani syndrome is a significant problem among tinnitus patients and current tinnitus management strategies contribute effectively to helping such patients habituate to their symptoms.

This study was designed to determine whether extended high-frequency audiometry was capable of better differentiating between participants with normal hearing who did or did not have subjective tinnitus.

A total of 96 study participants were enrolled: 36 patients with unilateral tinnitus, 28 patients with bilateral tinnitus and 32 volunteers as controls. All 96 participants exhibited normal audiometry findings and hearing thresholds. Extended high-frequency audiometry was used to evaluate these patients.

There were differences between the extended high-frequency hearing thresholds of affected and unaffected ears in those with unilateral tinnitus, and in the 20–29-year-old bilateral tinnitus group, at 11.2, 12.5 and 14 kHz. Unilateral tinnitus subgroups had higher extended high-frequency hearing thresholds than those in control subjects, at all extended high frequencies.

Extended high-frequency audiometry can offer additional information regarding the hearing status of patients with tinnitus who exhibit normal pure tone thresholds when analysed via conventional hearing thresholds.

This study investigated the frequency of ear canal protection use and looked at its influence on external auditory exostosis severity and knowledge about external auditory exostosis among windsurfers and kitesurfers on the German coast.

This retrospective cross-sectional study interviewed 130 windsurfers and kitesurfers along the German coast on knowledge of external auditory exostosis, exposure time, use of neoprene hoods and earplugs, and otological complaints. Participants underwent bilateral video-otoscopic examination.

Knowledge of external auditory exostosis was ‘good’ or ‘excellent’ in 78 of 130 (60 per cent) individuals and ‘poor’ or non-existent in 52 of 130 (40 per cent) individuals. Knowledge was positively correlated with hours of exposure, otological complaints and frequency of ear canal protection use. A significant negative influence of neoprene hood use on external auditory exostosis severity was shown.

The positive effect of external auditory exostosis knowledge on the frequency of ear canal protection and the reduction of external auditory exostosis risk implies a need for health education on this topic.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) may be among the viral agents that affect the audio-vestibular system. This study aimed to investigate vestibular symptoms and videonystagmographic examinations in recovered coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) patients compared with the control group.

The patients were evaluated with Vertigo Symptom Scale questionnaire and audiometric, tympanometric, stapedial reflex and videonystagmographic examinations.

A total of 92 of the patients in the coronavirus disease 2019 patients group and 25 of the volunteers in the control group were included in the study. The mean Vertigo Symptom Scale score was found to be significantly higher (p < 0.001) in the coronavirus disease 2019 group. Furthermore, one of the hospitalised patients was diagnosed with vestibular neuritis.

The vestibular system may also be affected in some coronavirus disease 2019 patients. Although this may be seen as dizziness in some patients, in rare cases it can cause severe issues, such as vestibular neuritis.

Patients with hearing loss and tinnitus face lengthy waits to be seen in the ENT clinic. SHOEBOX Audiometry is an iPad-based, audiometric screening tool. A virtual hearing loss and non-pulsatile tinnitus clinic involving an ENT specialist virtually assessing cases based on the SHOEBOX audiogram, a patient symptom questionnaire and the primary care referral letter were implemented. This service evaluation explored the outcomes of the virtual clinic in reducing the need for a face-to-face ENT appointment.

This was a retrospective service evaluation of the first six months of the virtual hearing loss and non-pulsatile tinnitus clinic.

A total of 210 patients were included: 34.8 per cent (73) were discharged without requiring audiologist assessment or an ENT appointment, 51.9 per cent (109) required formal audiological assessment, 36.7 per cent (77) required imaging and only 13.8 per cent (29) required a face-to-face ENT appointment.

A virtual hearing loss and non-pulsatile tinnitus clinic minimised the number of patients requiring a traditional face-to-face clinic appointment within ENT.

Treatment for tinnitus focuses on supportive therapies. Long waiting times in the National Health Service encourage telemedicine options as an alternative. This study aimed to review the literature on telemedicine in the management of tinnitus and analyse its impact on the burden of tinnitus, long-term, anxiety, depression, insomnia and quality of life.

PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, Scopus and Web of Science were searched. English randomised, controlled trials with adult participants suffering from tinnitus were included. A random effects model looking at standardised mean differences between intervention and control groups was utilised.

Eleven randomised, controlled trials were included. Nine studies looked at internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy. A z-value of 9.87 (p < 0.00001; I2 = 21 per cent) showed telemedicine approaches may be better at reducing tinnitus burden compared with passive controls.

Telemedicine options have multiple benefits, but more research will be needed to conclusively say they are better than alternatives.

Depressive symptoms are common in individuals with tinnitus, however, the mechanisms of their interaction are not fully understood. There is neurobiological evidence that might help understanding the interplay between tinnitus and depression which, in turn, helps in making the right choice for treating both conditions.

This case report describes a 70-year old female patient that presented with tinnitus and depressive symptoms lasting for the past 5 years.

The patient showed limited treatment results with different antidepressants. The otorhinolaryngologist ruled out any possible somatic causes of her tinnitus. Tinnitus was causing her sleep disturbances, which worsened her everyday functioning that was already quite poor even further.

After being administered with 30 rounds of TMS, her symptoms either completely resolved or at least reached a level that was adequate for her to start functioning normally on a day-to-day basis.

TMS is a technique that provides non-invasive cortical stimulation, more specifically, when used for depression treatment it stimulates the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, a brain region synaptically connected to the limbic system involved in mood regulation that is proven to be hypoactive in depression. The limbic system is where tinnitus-related brain networks and regions involved in the pathophysiology of depression overlap. Further research is needed to deepen the understanding of this topic.

No significant relationships.

Tinnitus is an auditory perception of a “phantom” nature with highly changing features. There is an established correlation between anxiety, depression, sleep disorders and tinnitus.

To evaluate the prevalence of sleep disorders and emotional disorders during tinnitus and their correlation to the severity of the symptomatology

A descriptive cross-sectional study of 60 patients consulting for subjective tinnitus. For each patient we collected epidemiological data and performed an ENT and general examination, an audiometric and psychoacoustic evaluation and a psychometric evaluation. To evaluate the severity of the tinnitus we used the visual analog scale VAS and the subjective tinnitus severity test (STSS). Disability was assessed by the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI). Anxiety and depression were assessed by: the Hamilton anxiety Rating scale and the Beck depression inventory.

The prevalence of emotional disorders was: 21.7% for depression, 48.33% for generalized anxiety disorder, 11.67% for dysthymia, 5% for agoraphobia 16.67% for panic disorder and 1.67% for social phobia. The intensity of tinnitus was correlated with more panic disorder (p=0.008). Subjective severity of tinnitus was correlated with disability (p=0.0001), awareness of tinnitus in relation to sleep duration (p=0.006) and disturbed sleep (p=0.047). Disability was correlated with subjective tinnitus severity (p=0.0001), panic disorder (p=0.0007), generalized anxiety disorder (p=0.033), and poor sleep quality (p=0.005).

Our results emphasize the importance of emotional disorders as well as sleep disorders in chronic “tinnitus”. These disorders should be systematically investigated and eventually treated in order to optimize the management of the patients.

No significant relationships.

This study aimed to review the incidence and co-morbidity of functional ear symptoms in new referrals to an adult otology clinic and present a clinical model based on neuroscientific concepts.

This was a retrospective review of 1000 consecutive new referrals to an adult otology clinic.

Functional disorder was the primary diagnosis in 346 patients (34.6 per cent). Functional ear symptoms included tinnitus (69.7 per cent), imbalance (23.7 per cent), otalgia (22.8 per cent) and aural fullness (19.1 per cent), with more than one symptom occurring in 25.1 per cent of patients. Co-morbidities included sensorineural hearing loss (39 per cent), emotional stress (30 per cent) and chronic illness (22 per cent).

Functional disorders commonly present to the otology clinic, often in the presence of emotional stress or chronic illness. They occur because of adaptation of brain circuitry to experience, including adverse events, chronic illness and fear learning. This study presented an experience-driven clinical model based on these concepts. An understanding of these principles will significantly aid otolaryngologists who encounter patients with functional ear symptoms.

Tinnitus is a common auditory disorder in which patients experience noise in the absence of an external source. It is a consequence of irreversible cochlear damage. This study examined the distortion product otoacoustic emissions and P300 components of event-related potentials.

This study included a control group of 25 normal-hearing adults not complaining of tinnitus and a study group that consisted of 45 normal-hearing adults complaining of tinnitus. Measures included patient history, basic audiological evaluation, the Arabic version of Tinnitus Handicap Inventory, distortion product otoacoustic emissions testing and P300 recording.

The study group showed significantly higher hearing thresholds at all frequencies as well as delayed latencies and reduced amplitude of P300. The Tinnitus Handicap Inventory showed mean scores of 35.2 ± 16.9, and the distortion product gram showed higher amplitudes in the control group.

Patients with tinnitus might have neural dysfunction at either peripheral or central levels of the auditory pathway.

Pulsatile tinnitus can be a symptom of vascular pathology. However, many of these pathologies present as incidental findings on scanning for unrelated symptoms. This study investigated whether the pathologies attributed to pulsatile tinnitus could instead be considered incidental findings.

This retrospective study evaluated imaging results of 272 pulsatile tinnitus cases for clinically relevant pathologies, and examined correlations between the site of symptoms and the imaging findings.

Of 272 patients, 238 (88 per cent) had normal scans, 17 (6 per cent) had clinically insignificant incidental findings, and 18 (7 per cent) had findings requiring further investigation or intervention; regarding these latter 18 patients, findings for 8 patients (42 per cent) did not correlate with the symptomatic side. The rates of intracranial aneurysm and arteriovenous malformation in the pulsatile tinnitus group were comparable to those in normal populations.

The comparable rates of vascular abnormalities within the symptomatic pulsatile tinnitus group, plus clinically relevant findings contralateral to symptoms, suggest that vascular pathologies could be incidental findings rather than causes of pulsatile tinnitus. Evaluation is recommended of the effectiveness of the new National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidelines for pulsatile tinnitus investigation.

Subjective tinnitus is a common symptom, and there is often an underlying otological cause. This study investigated the degree of tinnitus-related annoyance in patients with chronic otitis media and analysed whether associations with tinnitus severity exist.

The multinational collaborative Chronic Otitis Media Questionnaire-12 study collected prospective data on 478 adult patients suffering from chronic otitis media across 9 otology referral centres in 8 countries. Based on this dataset, we investigated tinnitus severity using participant responses to item 7 of a native version of the Chronic Otitis Media Questionnaire-12.

With respect to tinnitus severity, 23.8 per cent, 17.4 per cent, 15.5 per cent, and 43.4 per cent of participants reported no, minor, moderate, and major inconvenience or greater, respectively. The absence of ear discharge, absence of cholesteatoma, and poorer disease-specific health-related quality-of-life were associated with increased tinnitus severity in patients with chronic otitis media, whereas age, hearing disability and geographical region showed no association.

This analysis provided novel insight into potential risk factors for tinnitus in patients with chronic otitis media.

Tinnitus is associated with a variety of cognitive, psychosocial and psychiatric disorders, and may contribute to suicidality. However, the prevalence of suicidal ideation (SI) in tinnitus populations has not previously been systematically reviewed.

Medline, Embase and PsychInfo were searched in August 2020 to identify studies that assessed suicidal ideation in people aged 16 years and above with subjective tinnitus.

Six cross-sectional studies were included, representing 7192 tinnitus sufferers across 4 countries. The pooled prevalence of suicidal ideation in tinnitus populations was 20.6 per cent (95 per cent confidence interval, 10.8–30.3 per cent; I2 = 88 per cent). Two studies included a control population, in which the prevalence of suicidal ideation was significantly lower. The quality of included studies was variable.

It is not possible to arrive at any reasonable conclusion given the lack of quality studies, meaning the pooled prevalence should be interpreted very cautiously. Suicidal ideation may be more prevalent in tinnitus populations. Further large-scale epidemiological research investigating this relationship is needed, which may help psychiatric risk stratification.

Magnetic resonance imaging scans of the internal acoustic meatus are commonly requested in the investigation of audio-vestibular symptoms for potential vestibular schwannoma. There have been multiple studies into protocols for requesting magnetic resonance imaging for vestibular schwannoma, but none have been reported based on UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidelines for investigating audio-vestibular symptoms. This study intended to identify the local magnetic resonance imaging detection rates and patterns of vestibular schwannoma, and to audit the conformity of scan requests with the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidelines, with a review of relevant literature.

A retrospective analysis of 1300 magnetic resonance imaging scans of the internal acoustic meatus, compared against National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidelines, was conducted over two years.

Sixteen scans were positive for vestibular schwannoma, with a detection rate of 1.23 per cent. All positive cases fit the guidelines; three of these could have been missed using other criteria. A total of 281 requests did not meet the guideline criteria but revealed no positive results, supporting the use of National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidelines in planning magnetic resonance imaging scans for audio-vestibular symptoms.

Otological complications are considered early symptoms of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2; however, it is unknown how long these symptoms last and whether the virus leaves any hearing disorders post-recovery.

This prospective cohort study comprised 31 mild or moderate confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 patients and 26 age-matched control peers (21–50 years old). Patients were questioned about their otological symptoms, and their hearing status was assessed during one month post-diagnosis.

Patients showed a significantly higher rate of otological symptoms (hearing loss, ear fullness, ear pain, dizziness or vertigo, communication difficulties, and hyperacusis) versus the control group (p ≤ 0.022). The symptoms resolved early, between 2 and 8 days after their appearance. No significant differences were observed between the two groups in pure tone and extended high-frequency audiometry, transient evoked otoacoustic emissions, distortion product otoacoustic emissions, or auditory brainstem response following recovery.

The findings indicate that, in mild to moderate coronavirus disease 2019 cases, otological symptoms resolve within a week, and the virus has no lasting impact on the auditory system.