There is considerable evidence that waiting list (WL) control groups overestimate the effect sizes of psychotherapies for depression. It is not clear, however, what are the exact causes for this overestimation. We decided to conduct a meta-analytic study to compare trials on psychotherapy for depression with a WL control group against trials with a care-as-usual (CAU) control group.

We used an existing meta-analytic database of randomized trials comparing psychological treatments of adult depression with control groups and selected trials using a WL or a CAU control group. We used subgroup and meta-regression analyses to examine differences in effect sizes between WL and CAU controlled trials.

We included 333 randomized controlled trials (472 comparisons; total number participants: 41,480), 141 with a WL and 195 with a CAU control group (3 included both). We found several significant differences between WL and CAU controlled trials (in type of therapy examined, treatment format, recency, target group, recruitment strategy, number of treatment arms and number of depression outcome measures). The overall effect size indicating the difference between treatment and control at post-test for all comparisons was g = 0.77 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.71; 0.84) with high heterogeneity (I2 = 84; 95% CI: 82; 85). A highly significant difference was observed between studies with a CAU control group (g = 0.63; 95% CI: 0.55; 0.71; I2 = 85; 95% CI: 83; 86) and studies with a WL (g = 0.95; 95% CI: 0.85; 1.04; I2 = 80; 95% CI: 78; 82; p for difference < 0.001). This difference remained significant in all sensitivity analyses, including a meta-regression analysis in which we adjusted for all differences in characteristics of studies with a WL versus CAU control group. We also found that pre-post effect sizes in WL control conditions (g = 0.37; 95% CI: 0.28; 0.46) were significantly smaller than change within CAU conditions (g = 0.64; 95% CI: 0.50; 0.78). We found few indications that pre-post effect sizes within therapy conditions differed between WL and CAU controlled trials.

WL control conditions considerably overestimate the effect sizes of psychological treatments, compared to trials using CAU control conditions. This overestimation is probably caused by a smaller improvement within the WL condition compared to the improvement in the CAU condition. WL control conditions should be avoided in randomized trials examining psychological treatments of adult depression.

Cognitive remediation (CR) can reduce the cognitive difficulties experienced by people with psychosis. Adapting CR to be delivered remotely provides new opportunities for extending its use. However, doing so requires further evaluation of its acceptability from service users’ views. We evaluate the acceptability of therapist-supported remote CR from the perspectives of service users using participatory service user-centred methods.

After receiving 12 weeks of therapist-supported remote CR, service users were interviewed by a service user researcher following a semi-structured 18-question interview guide. Transcripts were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis with themes and codes further validated by a Lived Experience Advisory Panel and member checking.

The study recruited 26 participants, almost all of whom reported high acceptability of remote CR, and some suggested improvements. Four themes emerged: (1) perceived treatment benefits, (2) remote versus in-person therapy, (3) the therapist’s role, and (4) how it could be better.

This study used comprehensive service user involvement methods. For some participants, technology use remained a challenge and addressing these difficulties detracted from the therapy experience. These outcomes align with existing research on remote therapy, suggesting that remote CR can expand choice and improve access to treatment for psychosis service users once barriers are addressed. Future use of remote CR should consider technology training and equipment provision to facilitate therapy for service users and therapists.

1. (1) To recognise and understand the development of PTSD following childbirth and baby loss.

2. (2) To understand how Ehlers and Clark’s (2000) cognitive model of PTSD can be applied to post-partum PTSD.

3. (3) To be able to apply cognitive therapy for PTSD to patients with perinatal PTSD, including traumatic baby loss through miscarriage or birth.

4. (4) To discover common personal meanings associated with birth trauma and baby loss and the steps to update them.

Theoretical models of neural mechanisms underlying Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) for major depressive disorder (MDD) propose that psychotherapy changes neural functioning of prefrontal cortical structures associated with cognitive-control processes (DeRubeis, Siegle, & Hollon, 2008); however, MDD is persistent and characterized by long-lasting vulnerabilities to recurrence after intervention, suggesting that underlying neural mechanisms of MDD remain despite treatment. It follows that identification of treatment-resistant aberrant neural processes in MDD may inform clinical and research efforts targeting sustained remission. Thus, we sought to identify brain regions showing aberrant neural functioning in MDD that either (1) fail to exhibit substantive change (nonresponse) or (2) exhibit functional changes (response) following CBT.

To identify treatment-resistant neural processes (as well as neural processes exhibiting change after treatment), we collected functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data of MDD patients (n = 58) before and after CBT as well as never-depressed controls (n = 35) before and after a similar amount of time. We evaluated fMRI data using conjunction analyses, which utilized several contrast-based criteria to characterize brain regions showing both differences between patients and controls at baseline and nonresponse or response to CBT.

Findings revealed nonresponse in a cerebellar region and response in prefrontal and parietal regions.

Results are consistent with prior theoretical models of CBT's direct effect on cortical regulatory processes but expand on them with identification of additional regions (and associated neural systems) of response and nonresponse to CBT.

1. (1) To be able to apply Ehlers and Clark’s (2000) cognitive model to PTSD arising from bereavement trauma.

2. (2) To recognise how the core treatment components differ for PTSD associated with traumatic bereavement than for PTSD linked to trauma where there is no loss of life.

3. (3) To discover how to conduct imagery transformation for the memory updating procedure in CT-PTSD for loss trauma.

1. (1) To understand the clinical implications of the original cognitive model and the revised model of generalised anxiety disorder presented here.

2. (2) To understand the role of inflated responsibility for safety, safety-seeking behaviours and elevated evidence requirements in generalised anxiety disorder.

3. (3) To understand and be able to implement treatment recommendations of the revised cognitive model of generalised anxiety disorder.

1. (1) To recognise persistent negative self-evaluations as a key feature of SAD.

2. (2) To understand that persistent negative self-evaluations are central in the Clark and Wells (1995) cognitive model and how to formulate these as part of SAD.

3. (3) To be able to use all the experiential interventions in cognitive therapy for SAD to address these beliefs.

After reading this article, it is hoped that readers will be able to:

1. (1) Conceptualise why surveys can be useful in cognitive behavioural therapy.

2. (2) Implement collaborative and individualised survey design, delivery and feedback as part of a CBT intervention.

Today, a number of researchers consider the problem of addictive behavior as one of the most global problems for Kazakhstan and Russia. Some scientists consider CBT to be the most effective way to work with addictions. In our country there are no scientific works devoted to the study of addictive beliefs, so we decided to conduct such a study

The Objective of the study was to identify the characteristic addictive beliefs of drug addicts with different type of addiction: opioids and synthetic cathinones (designer drugs called “salts”, “bath salts”)

Questionnaire of addictive beliefs by A, Beck, questionnaire of beliefs about cravings by A. Beck and F. Wright, clinical interview. Descriptive statistics and chi-square test were used for data processing

People with opioid addiction are more likely to believe that their lives will become more depressive if they stop using drugs (p= 0.0347); that drug use is the only way to cope with pain in their life (p= 0.0347) and that they cannot cope with anxiety without drugs (p=0.009). Respondents who use synthetic psychostimulants endorse to believe that addiction is not a problrm for them (p= 0.0358).

Having categorized these beliefs in accordance with A. Beck’s classification, we came to the conclusion that “relief-oriented beliefs” are more typical for people who use opiates. The motive for use is often the desire to alleviate a negative emotional or physical state. For people using psychostimulants “salt”, “anticipatory beliefs” are more characteristic - the desire to experience euphoria and pleasant experiences

No significant relationships.

1. (1) To recognise common misconceptions about trauma-focused CBT for PTSD and the evidence against them.

2. (2) To widen understanding of the application of cognitive therapy for PTSD (CT-PTSD) to a broad range of presentations.

3. (3) To increase confidence in the formulation-driven, flexible, active and creative delivery of CT-PTSD.

1. (1) To learn about the theoretical underpinnings of specialized approaches to treating taboo/unacceptable thoughts subtype of OCD with gold-standard CBT treatments, cognitive therapy (CT) and exposure and ritual prevention (Ex/RP).

2. (2) To learn about recognizing and identifying commonly missed covert cognitive symptoms in OCD such as rumination and mental compulsions.

3. (3) To learn how to assess commonly unrecognized behavioural symptoms in OCD such as concealment, reassurance seeking, searching on online forums, etc.

4. (4) To gain a nuanced understanding of the phenomenology of the taboo/unacceptable thoughts OCD subtype and the cycles that maintain symptoms and impairment.

5. (5) To learn about in-session techniques such as thought experiments, worksheets, fear hierarchies, and different types of exposures.