There are a number of microphysics and transport processes that can be extremely important to suppress or enhance the growth of these instabilities. I will provide a detailed description of how the hydrodynamic instability evolutions can be modified by incorporating the viscosity, surface tension, diffuse interface, and compressibility of the flows into the governing equations and growth rates.

This chapter examines Sweden’s emissions trends and the evolution of climate policy in an international perspective by focusing on its role and interdependent relationship with climate action in the EU and with international climate coalitions. The chapter examines the assumption that Sweden is a front-runner and role model in setting and implementing ambitious climate policy. The emission trends across sectors suggest that Sweden has been able to swiftly reduce its emissions, in particular from industry and energy conversion, but that current reduction rates are insufficient to reach its decarbonization target. Reducing emissions in agriculture and transport poses perhaps the greatest challenges for the Swedish state. The chapter also discusses the limits and possibilities for the State to implement its decarbonization target while being dependent on the climate policies in the EU, notably the Emission Trading Scheme (ETS). It also looks at Sweden’s role in international climate governance by zooming in on its role in international climate collaborations and clubs. Finally, the chapter provides three reasons for caution when it comes to Sweden’s reputation as a role model. First, that the rate of GHG reduction has declined significantly. Second, that consumption-based approaches to counting GHG emissions demonstrates that Sweden remains a high-emitting country. Third, that Sweden’s consumption-levels are far above the global average and its current consumption patterns should not be emulated by other countries.

A handful of governments can rewrite the rules for the global car industry, doubling the pace of the transition to zero-emission vehicles and radically cutting the costs. The COP26 campaign woke some countries up to this opportunity, while some of the world’s largest carmakers continued to fight back.

Change in the economy, just as in the climate, can be self-reinforcing, sudden, and irreversible. The world’s fastest transitions to renewable energy and electric vehicles are happening in countries where economic tipping points have been crossed in these sectors. By deliberately targeting these thresholds, we can achieve large-scale change much more quickly than we might expect. To find these opportunities, we need to move away from traditional cost–benefit analysis and adopt a very different approach to decision-making.

In Chapter 13, we provide a preliminary analysis of the policy orientation of the EU’s post-Covid-19 new economic governance (NEG) regime to give policymakers, unionists, and social-movement activists an idea about possible future trajectories of EU governance of employment relations and public services. We do that on the basis of not only the recently adopted EU laws in these two policy areas, such as the decommodifying Minimum Wage Directive, but also EU executives’ post-Covid-19 NEG prescriptions in two areas (employment relations, public services), three public sectors (transport services, water services, healthcare services), and four countries (Germany, Italy, Ireland, Romania). Vertical NEG interventions in national wage policies paradoxically cleared the way for the decommodifying EU Minimum Wage Directive by effectively making wage policy an EU policymaking issue, but, in the area of public services, we see an accentuation of the trend of NEG prescriptions in recent years: more public investments but also much more private sector involvement in the delivery of public services.

Chapter 11 compares the policy orientation of the EU’s new economic governance (NEG) prescriptions in two policy areas (employment relations, public services), three sectors (transport, water, healthcare), four countries (Germany, Italy, Ireland, Romania) from 2009 to 2019. It reveals that almost all qualitative prescriptions pointed in a commodifying direction. Most quantitative prescriptions tasked governments to curtail wages and public expenditures too, but, over time, they not only became less coercive but also increasingly pointed in a decommodifying direction, tasking governments to invest more. It would, however, still be wrong to speak of a socialisation of NEG, not just given the decommodifying prescriptions’ weak coercive power but also because of their links to policy rationales that are compatible with NEG’s overarching commodification script. Moreover, Chapter 11 shows that NEG prescriptions tasked governments to channel more public resources into the allegedly more productive sectors (transport and water services) rather than into essential social services like healthcare. Given NEG’s country-specific methodology, it is not surprising that there have been only few instances of transnational action on specific NEG prescriptions. By contrast, the share of transnational labour protests targeting EU interventions broadly defined increased after 2008. This suggests that NEG has been altering protest landscapes.

This chapter provides guidance on how to send specimens to a virology laboratory, including the need to provide full and accurate patient information, relevant clinical information, how to package and transport specimens and the need to send the correct specimens.

This chapter addresses the study of the technology in use in the Iberian Peninsula during the five final centuries of the Middle Ages, with special emphasis on the Christian kingdoms but not forgetting al-Andalus. First, agricultural techniques are considered, especially concerning irrigation agriculture. This is followed by the examination of other production sectors, including the sources of energy and the most significant technological innovations, as well as their routes of dissemination and social transference. The chapter ends with the exploration of both fluvial and maritime navigation techniques used in freight transport and the conclusions, which summarize some of the most relevant technological features of this period.

This chapter, derived mainly from business-to-business serials such as The Bookseller[GK7], represents publishing in the 1860s as a collaborative enterprise comprising several interlocking systems. Basing its viewpoint in business-to-business texts shows that, unlike what is often suggested, it was not revolutionary. Instead, its use of technology and its distribution systems underwent a process of mainstreaming that intensified and refined extant methods of advertising, marketing, transport, wholesale, retail, and lending. Regulation was different, not because the various changes in the law offered anything new, but because details were modified in an attempt to improve them. Unlike many studies of publishing, this one engages with the regulation of labor relations, international distribution, and changing forms of business ownership as well as of the contents and ownership of texts through the laws of copyright, obscenity, and libel.

Conservation, management and research require buffalo to be handled and sometimes moved from one place to another. Techniques providing more efficiency and a safer environment for buffalo capture and handling, including mass physical and individual chemical capture techniques, have been developed over the past few decades. These techniques, which are based on the experience and skills of staff, retain some room for improvement, e.g. using new drugs especially non-opioids for chemical immobilization, adapting technological advances (e.g. drone, scent technology) or new concepts (e.g. virtual boundary) to physical capture. The cardinal rule of buffalo or any wildlife capture, translocation and release is to regard all human interventions as potentially stressful to the animals, and therefore to strive to conduct them as far as possible as ‘short-term and low-stress management exercises’.

This chapter provides an overview of the key elements of turbulent flow. First, the basic averaging approach and examples of turbulent flow decompositions are discussed. Using these techniques, the average transport equations for mass, momentum, and species with closure models are given, followed by advanced numerical techniques for turbulent flows. Turbulent time and length scales as well as the kinetic energy cascade are overviewed, and theoretical turbulent species diffusion is treated.

Volume 2 of The Cambridge History of Global Migrations presents an authoritative overview of the various continuities and changes in migration and globalization from the 1800s to the present day. Despite revolutionary changes in communication technologies, the growing accessibility of long-distance travel, and globalization across major economies, the rise of nation-states empowered immigration regulation and bureaucratic capacities for enforcement that curtailed migration. One major theme worldwide across the post-1800 centuries was the differentiation between “skilled” and “unskilled” workers, often considered through a racialized lens; it emerged as the primary divide between greater rights of immigration and citizenship for the former, and confinement to temporary or unauthorized migrant status for the latter. Through thirty-one chapters, this volume further evaluates the long global history of migration; and it shows that despite the increased disciplinary systems, the primacy of migration remains and continues to shape political, economic, and social landscapes around the world.