Most women with epilepsy (WWE) will experience stable seizure control during pregnancy. Adverse fetal outcomes with epilepsy include spontaneous abortion, preterm birth, fetal growth restriction, major congenital malformation (MCM), hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, postpartum hemorrhage, peripartum depression, and—rarely—maternal death. Studies reporting these increased risks may be biased by differences in preexisting medical conditions, other patient characteristics, and anti-seizure medication (ASM) use and type. Poor seizure control preceding pregnancy, unplanned pregnancy, and polytherapy are associated with higher risks. Antenatal care should be coordinated by an experienced multidisciplinary team. Monotherapy with an appropriate ASM at the lowest effective dose is the goal, and drug levels should be monitored. Second trimester fetal anatomical sonography is the best screening modality for neural tube defects and other MCMs. Serial third trimester fetal growth ultrasounds are recommended. WWE are likely to have an uncomplicated labour and delivery. Epilepsy is not an indication for induction of labour or caesarean delivery. The risk of intrapartum seizures is 2−3%, and intractable seizures necessitating urgent delivery are rare. Attention is needed to avoid dehydration, missed ASM doses, sleep deprivation, and pain during labour and postpartum. WWE should be screened and counselled regarding their heightened risk of peripartum depression.

The chapter analyzes the material and ideological impact of globalization, particularly the experience of colonial empire.

There are widespread assumptions that implicit group bias leads to biased behavior. This chapter summarizes existing evidence on the link between implicit group bias and biased behavior, with an analysis of the strength of that evidence for causality. Our review leads to the conclusion that although there is substantial evidence that implicit group bias is related to biased behavior, claims about causality are not currently supported. With plausible alternative explanations for observed associations, as well as the possibility of reverse causation, scientists and policy makers need to be careful about claims made and actions taken to address discrimination, based on the assumption that implicit bias is the problem.

Chapter 5 explores the logic of UN mediation as an ‘art’, which emphasises the fluid, contingent nature of mediation and prioritises relationships with negotiating parties. This chapter examines two core practices: emotional labour and discretion. The first section describes how UN mediators engage in emotional regulation to facilitate negotiations. The creation of emotional ties relies upon empathy and bonding in informal settings, which creates masculinised spaces that women have trouble accessing. In this case, the practice of empathy can be exclusionary. The second section examines how discretion – the choices mediators make about how to implement their mandates – is a key practice in UN mediation. How a mediator exercises their discretion is tied to their sense of political judgement. As such, using discretion unwisely can affect others' perceptions of a UN mediator's judgement. As WPS, especially the participation of local women, is often framed as showing partiality to one party over others, mediators are reluctant to use their discretion to advance the WPS Agenda. Instead, it is framed as a risk to the mediator's reputation for good political judgement and impartiality.

In this chapter, we examine the public’s understanding of implicit bias, a topic that has only recently caught the public’s attention. Given that political elites often set the contours of debate on political issues, we begin by conducting a systematic content analysis of newspaper headlines and cable news transcripts to assess the prevalence and nature of media coverage of implicit bias. We find that partisan media utilize starkly different frames regarding the scientific validity of the concept of implicit bias, the political intentions of those who use the phrase, and the requisite political recourses (if any). We then utilize two individual-level datasets to examine the mass public’s understanding of implicit bias. An original survey reveals a stark gulf in partisan understandings of implicit bias and an analysis of Project Implicit data highlights the interplay between personalized feedback from the IAT and ideology in shaping evaluations of the IAT. We conclude with a discussion of the challenges of science communication, particularly on issues relating to race, in a politically polarized age.

This enthusiastic introduction to the fundamentals of information theory builds from classical Shannon theory through to modern applications in statistical learning, equipping students with a uniquely well-rounded and rigorous foundation for further study. The book introduces core topics such as data compression, channel coding, and rate-distortion theory using a unique finite blocklength approach. With over 210 end-of-part exercises and numerous examples, students are introduced to contemporary applications in statistics, machine learning, and modern communication theory. This textbook presents information-theoretic methods with applications in statistical learning and computer science, such as f-divergences, PAC-Bayes and variational principle, Kolmogorov’s metric entropy, strong data-processing inequalities, and entropic upper bounds for statistical estimation. Accompanied by additional stand-alone chapters on more specialized topics in information theory, this is the ideal introductory textbook for senior undergraduate and graduate students in electrical engineering, statistics, and computer science.

The chapter focuses on Germany’s international relations, the development of the German army and military policy, the domestic consequences of military policy, and the origins of war in 1914.