High-strength Cu-based bulk glassy alloys were formed in the Cu–Hf–Ti system by the copper mold casting and melt clamp forging methods. The maximum diameter is 4 mm for the Cu60Hf25Ti15 alloy. The substitution of Hf in the Cu60Hf40 alloy by Ti causes an increase in the glass-forming ability (GFA). As the Ti content increases, the glass transition temperature (Tg) decreases, while the crystallization temperature (Tx) shows a maximum at 5% Ti and then decreases, resulting in a maximum supercooled liquid region ΔTx (= Tx − Tg) of 78 K at 5% Ti. The liquidus temperature (T1) has a minimum of 1172 K around 20% Ti, and hence, a maximum Tg//T1 of 0.62 is obtained at 20% Ti. The high GFA was obtained at the compositions with high Tg/T1. The bulk glassy alloy exhibits tensile fracture strength of 2130 MPa, compressive fracture strength of 2160 MPa, and compressive plastic elongation of 0.8 to 1.6%. The new Cu-based bulk glassy alloys with high Tg/T1 above 0.60, high fracture strength above 2100 MPa, and distinct plastic elongation are encouraging for future development as a new type of bulk glassy alloy that can be used for structural materials.

We studied the microstructure of SrTiO3/SrRuO3 bilayer films on (001) LaAlO3 substrates by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. At the SrRuO3/LaAlO3 interface a defect configuration of stacking faults and nanotwins bounding either Frank partial dislocations or Shockley partial dislocations and complex interaction between these planar defects were found to be the dominant means of misfit accommodation. The misfit in the SrTiO3/SrRuO3 system, however, is mainly accommodated by elastic strain. Most of the observed defects in the SrTiO3 layer can be related to the [111] planar defects in the SrRuO3 layer propagating and reaching the SrTiO3/SrRuO3 interface. Furthermore, a [110] planar defect can also be introduced in the SrTiO3 layer due to the structure change of the SrTiO3/SrRuO3 interface.

PbS-coated CdS nanocomposite particles were synthesized by an ion displacement method in an inverse microemulsion. Their growth kinetics were studied with UV–vis spectroscopy. Transmission electron microscopic characterization shows that PbS-coated CdS particles are uniform in size with a mean diameter of 6 nm. The electron diffraction patterns demonstrate their crystalline nature. Third-order nonlinear optical properties in the samples were investigated using the Z-scan technique with femtosecond laser pulses at 780-nm wavelength. The nonlinear refractive index of PbS-coated CdS nanocomposite particles in microemulsion varied with the molar ratio of Cd/Pb ions and reached a maximum of 5.3 × 10−12 cm2/GW for the sample with a Cd/Pb ion ratio of 1 to 2. The observed large refractive nonlinearity in these nanocomposite particles may be attributed to the optical Stark effect and strong interfacial and inter-nanoparticle interactions.

Metastable solidification of small droplets of Nd11.8Fe82.3B5.9 and Nd14Fe79B7 alloys was performed in an 8-m drop tube filled with helium. The results showed that the solidification path of the droplets depends on the alloy composition and on the droplet size. For Nd11.8Fe82.3B5.9 alloy, larger droplets are solidified by primary iron formation and subsequent Nd2Fe14B crystallization from the residual liquid phase, whereas smaller ones tend to be frozen by metastable primary Nd2Fe17Bx growth (x = 0–1). A similar transition of the solidification path from primary iron formation to primary Nd2Fe17Bx formation occurred in Nd14Fe79B7 alloy with reducing droplet size. However, metastable primary growth of Nd2Fe14B was also observed within a wide droplet size range prior to the appearance of the metastable Nd2Fe17Bx phase. Nucleation and growth of different phases were considered to produce an explanation of the observed phase selection phenomena in these two alloys.

Cracks induced by 0.049N load indentation on the surface of gallium arsenide single crystal were investigated before and after annealing. The results revealed that the crack initiation essentially relates to the shear deformation during indentation. There were dislocation generation, lattice distortion, and the transformation from crystalline to disordered structure, leading to the occurrence of an amorphous band in front of the crack tip. After being annealed at 500 °C for 60 min, the amorphous band disappeared, and instead, recrystallized grains appeared along the crack-propagation direction. It is reasonable to propose that crack propagation is the result of the decohesion of the amorphous band rather than the direct debonding along a certain atomic plane.

The structure and the crystallography of lithium niobate and lithium niobate–tantalate thin films (0.2–1.0 μm in thickness) with the tantalum composition range of 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5 grown on (0001) sapphire substrate by thermal plasma spray chemical vapor deposition have been studied by means of cross-sectional high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction. The tantalum composition in the films shows a minor effect on the rocking curve full width at half maximum values. The narrowest rocking curve width was obtained for the LiNb0.5Ta0.5O3 film to be as low as 0.25° θ. The films are under compressive strain along the c direction; c- and a-axis lattice parameters are correspondingly smaller and higher than those of the bulk single crystal. Under optimized growth conditions, the LiNbO3 and LiNb1−xTaxO3 films are 97% c-axis oriented. The film out-of-plane orientation changes from the [0001] to the [0112] direction by either decreasing the growth rate or increasing the substrate temperature. Particular attention has been paid to the orientation of individual grains in the partly c-axis-oriented films. The results demonstrate that their orientations are not random and specific orientation relationships are preferred for the film nucleation. The surface of as-received sapphire substrate reveals polishing defects with the well-defined surface ledges of 1–2 nm in height with smooth terraces of 25 nm in width. In the case of columnar growth, the terrace width becomes a limiting factor controlling the lateral crystallite size in the film. Finally, the film growth mechanism is discussed.

Thin films of lanthanum substituted bismuth titanate, Bi4−xLaxTi3O12 (BLTx), were prepared by chemical solution deposition. Crystallized BLTx films were obtained by rapid thermal annealing at a temperature as low as 650 °C. Structural and electrical characteristics of crystalline BLTx films were studied as functions of La composition. Structure characterization was conducted by x-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. The lowest lattice vibration mode around 116 cm−1 showed softening with increasing lanthanum composition. Surface morphology of BLTx films were recorded by scanning electron microscopy. BLTx films have saturated hysteresis loops with remnant polarization of 9.7, 12.3, and 4.5 μC/cm2, respectively, for x = 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00 films. BLT0.75 films showed fatigue-free behavior over 250 kV/cm, 50 kHz cycling, which could be compared with that of SrBi2Ta2O9 thin films. Fatigue resistance decrease at lower cycling field. The field dependence of fatigue property was discussed briefly in terms of competition between domain pinning and field-assisted unpinning.

A model was developed to study the process of current-ignited combustion synthesis. In this process, Joule heating raises the temperature to the ignition point, at which the sample reacts to form a product. Two material systems were modeled: the synthesis of SiC and MoSi2. It was found that the mode of combustion is a function of the size (radius) of the sample. The anticipated volume combustion mode was only evident in small samples. At higher values of the radius, the mode becomes wavelike (selfpropagating high-temperature synthesis) in nature. The transition from volume to wave combustion mode also depended on the properties of the material. The results are interpreted in terms of thermal conductivity and heat-transfer conditions.

To clarify some discrepancies in the literature about the formation of icosahedral quasi-crystal (IQC) in Al–Cu–Fe alloys, microstructures, and constituent phases of Al62.5Cu25Fe12.5 and Al65Cu20Fe15 alloys were studied. Each dendritic arm of the primarily solidified λ–Al13Fe4 phase is a single crystal that possesses no definite orientation relationship with the IQC, formed by peritectic reaction (L + λ + β → IQC) or a solid-state reaction (Cu-rich phases + λ + β →?IQC). This fact disproves an assumption that λ-phase is an approximant of the IQC. Two types of cubic phase, β-phase with CsCl structure containing more Fe and τ3 phase, which is a superstructure and contains less Fe, were observed depending on the composition and thermal history of the samples.

A ceramic/metal laminated system has lately been proposed by the authors. It is capable of maintaining high mechanical strength and structural integrity after high-temperature thermal shock. In this investigation, a multilayered, multimaterial system with strong interface, subjected to thermal shock loading, was analyzed. The analysis was based on a 1-D finite difference scheme and considers the thermal residual stresses. Using a failure criterion based on crack initiation, the number of broken layers due to thermal shock and the residual mechanical strength at room temperature was determined. A comparison with experimental results of three different lay-ups was made, demonstrating the ability of the program to predict the experimental results. The program was thus shown to be a significant tool for designing multimaterial multilayered systems for thermal shock applications.

The purpose of this study is to develop an understanding of the photoluminescence properties of Al3+, Pr3+ doped perovskite-type La2/3TiO3 and pyrochlore-type La2Ti2O7 phosphor, which is characterized by the red emission (1D2 →3H4 transition) of the Pr3+ ion. The explanation for the energy transfer and the corresponding critical distance is proposed on the basis of the role of Al3+ ions in the perovskite-type La2/3TiO3:Pr phosphor. To clarify the distinction of photoluminescence properties between the perovskite-type La2/3TiO3 and the pyrochlore-type La2Ti2O7, the trap-involved process and the charge transfer band have been investigated, respectively.

Rectifying and thermocouple junctions have been achieved using electrically dissimilar Portland cement pastes. The preferred junction is a pn-junction involving steel fiber cement paste (n-type) and carbon fiber cement paste (p-type). For this junction, the thermocouple sensitivity is 70 εV/°C.

Highly c-axis-oriented (Sr,Ba)Nb2O6 (SBN) films were grown on a seeded MgO(100) substrate via sol-gel method. The substrate was preseeded with epitaxial islands of SBN made by breaking up a continuous film into single-crystal islands by pores. Since the number of epitaxial nuclei was increased at the interface between the film and the substrate, the film on a seeded substrate had better highly orientation than that on unseeded substrate. The film having low Sr content exhibited better epitaxial growth because of the distorted unit-cell network and the change of lattice parameters of SBN thin film. For obtaining excellent optical properties, SBN:75 film was prepared on MgO substrate with SBN:25 composition seed layer. Because of low birefringence of refractive indices in the film having high Sr content, the optical scattering loss by the anisotropy of refractive indices was suppressed.

Microchemistry and mechanical properties of a copper/tin–bismuth Pb-free solder interconnect were examined in the as-reflowed and aged conditions by in situ Auger fracture and interface fracture mechanics techniques. In the as-reflowed condition, the solder–copper interface was highly resistant to fracture, and the fracture mechanism was ductile with the crack path following the interface between the solder alloy and the copper–tin intermetallic phase. Upon thermal aging, bismuth segregation was found to occur on the copper–intermetallic interface. Auger depth profiling indicated that the segregation was confined to about one monolayer from the interface. The segregation was shown to embrittle the interface, resulting in an approximately 5-fold decrease in the interfacial fracture resistance.

Highly c-axis-oriented Bi3.25La0.75Ti3O12 (BLT) films with a homogeneous in-plane orientation were successfully grown on SiO2/Si(100) and Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si(100) substrates by a sol-coating route. The substitution of lanthanum ions for bismuth ions in the layered perovskite suppressed the formation of pyrochlore phase and enhanced the c-axis-oriented growth. The c-axis-oriented BLT film fabricated on a Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si(100) substrate showed fatigue-free characteristics with a large remanent polarization of 26–28 μC/cm2 and the coercive field of 50–75 kV/cm. These features significantly enhance the potential value of the BLT film for the applications to high-density ferroelectric random-access memories devices. In addition, the c-axis-oriented BLT film, with a homogeneous in-plane orientation on an amorphous surface, can be used as a suitable template material for applications to various electro-magneto-optic devices.

Grain growth in nanocrystalline (nc) Al with a grain size of 26 nm produced by cryogenic mechanical milling was studied through x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. Grain growth kinetics resembled those of ball-milled nc Fe. For homologous temperatures (T/TM) of 0.51–0.83, the time exponent n from D1/n − D01/n = kt was 0.04–0.28, tending toward 0.5 as T/TM increased. Two grain-growth regimes were distinguished: below T/TM = 0.78 growth ceased at an approximate grain size of 50 nm while at higher temperatures, grain growth proceeded steadily to the submicrometer range. Grain growth over the range of temperatures studied cannot be explained in terms of a single thermally activated rate process. The observed high grain size stability was attributed primarily to impurity pinning drag associated with the grain growth process.

Semiconductor PbS quantum dots doped-SiO2 organically modified silicate (ormosil) gels were synthesised via sol-gel by using high-power ultrasounds (sonogel). The effect of PbS crystal concentration and the addition of (3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane acting as surface capping agent (SCA) were investigated. By adjustment of the SCA to lead ratio, PbS nanoparticles of different sizes and morphologies were obtained. Textural parameters were calculated from N2 physisorption isotherms. The PbS galena phase was identified by x-ray diffraction, the crystal size by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and the exciton confinement by ultraviolet–visible–near-infrared spectrophotometry. Crystallite mean sizes of spheres and cubes ranging from 6.5 to 10.5 nm and needles 7-nm wide and 15–20 nm long, for different PbS and SCA concentrations, were obtained. These results differ from those predicted by the effective mass approximation corroborating the band gap modifications in the smallest nanocrystals. The method allows the control of the crystal size and improves the stabilization of the PbS nanocrystals.

Electromagnetic theory is used to characterize the magnetization processes in metals and alloys. The analysis shows that the free energy of a phase transformation may be reduced or enhanced by the magnetic field depending on the ratio of the permeability of the old and new phases. This means that the magnetic field can either stimulate or inhibit the nucleation process. The theory is in accord with the experimental results by others and us.

Atomic positions for Y atoms were determined by using high-resolution electron microscopy and electron diffraction. A slow-scan charge-coupled device camera which had high linearity and electron sensitivity was used to record high-resolution images and electron diffraction patterns digitally. Crystallographic image processing was applied for image analysis, which provided more accurate, averaged Y atom positions. In addition, atomic disordering positions in YB56 were detected from the differential images between observed and simulated images based on x-ray data, which were B24 clusters around the Y-holes. The present work indicates that the structure analysis combined with digital high-resolution electron microscopy, electron diffraction, and differential images is useful for the evaluation of atomic positions and disordering in the boron-based crystals.

In this paper, a unique processing approach for producing a tailored, externally controlled microstructure in zinc oxide using very high heating rates (to 4900 °C/min) in a microwave environment is discussed. Detailed data on the densification, grain growth, and grain size uniformity as a function of heating rate are presented. With increasing heating rate, the grain size decreased while grain size uniformity increased. At extremely high heating rates, high density can be achieved with almost complete suppression of grain growth. Ultrarapid microwave heating of ZnO also enhanced densification rates by up to 4 orders of magnitude compared to slow microwave heating. The results indicate that the densification mechanisms are different for slow and rapid heating rates. Since the mechanical, thermal, dielectric, and optical properties of ceramics depend on microstructure, ultrarapid heating may lead to advanced ceramics with tailored microstructure and enhanced properties.