This article is devoted to the historical study of the ADS-problem with a special emphasis on the use of methods and techniques, emerging with the development of the theory of rings: accessible subrings, iterated maximal essential extensions of rings, completely normal rings. We construct new examples of classes for which Kurosh’s chain stabilizes at any given step. We recall the old nontrivial questions, and we pose a new one.

Every bounded linear operator that maps ${H}^{1} $ to ${L}^{1} $ and ${L}^{2} $ to ${L}^{2} $ is bounded from ${L}^{p} $ to ${L}^{p} $ for each $p\in (1, 2)$, by a famous interpolation result of Fefferman and Stein. We prove ${L}^{p} $-norm bounds that grow like $O(1/ (p- 1))$ as $p\downarrow 1$. This growth rate is optimal, and improves significantly on the previously known exponential bound $O({2}^{1/ (p- 1)} )$. For $p\in (2, \infty )$, we prove explicit ${L}^{p} $ estimates on each bounded linear operator mapping ${L}^{\infty } $ to bounded mean oscillation ($\mathit{BMO}$) and ${L}^{2} $ to ${L}^{2} $. This $\mathit{BMO}$ interpolation result implies the ${H}^{1} $ result above, by duality. In addition, we obtain stronger results by working with dyadic ${H}^{1} $ and dyadic $\mathit{BMO}$. The proofs proceed by complex interpolation, after we develop an optimal dyadic ‘good lambda’ inequality for the dyadic $\sharp $-maximal operator.

For a countable discrete space $V$, every nondegenerate separable ${C}^{\ast } $-correspondence over ${c}_{0} (V)$ is isomorphic to one coming from a directed graph with vertex set $V$. In this paper we demonstrate why the analogous characterizations fail to hold for higher-rank graphs (where one considers product systems of ${C}^{\ast } $-correspondences) and for topological graphs (where $V$ is locally compact Hausdorff), and we discuss the obstructions that arise.

Suppose that an elliptic curve $E$ over $ \mathbb{Q} $ has good supersingular reduction at $p$. We prove that Kobayashi’s plus/minus Selmer group of $E$ over a ${ \mathbb{Z} }_{p} $-extension has no proper $\Lambda $-submodule of finite index under some suitable conditions, where $\Lambda $ is the Iwasawa algebra of the Galois group of the ${ \mathbb{Z} }_{p} $-extension. This work is analogous to Greenberg’s result in the ordinary reduction case.

We show that for a normal locally-$\mathscr{P}$ space $X$ (where $\mathscr{P}$ is a topological property subject to some mild requirements) the subset ${C}_{\mathscr{P}} (X)$ of ${C}_{b} (X)$ consisting of those elements whose support has a neighborhood with $\mathscr{P}$, is a subalgebra of ${C}_{b} (X)$ isometrically isomorphic to ${C}_{c} (Y)$ for some unique (up to homeomorphism) locally compact Hausdorff space $Y$. The space $Y$ is explicitly constructed as a subspace of the Stone–Čech compactification $\beta X$ of $X$ and contains $X$ as a dense subspace. Under certain conditions, ${C}_{\mathscr{P}} (X)$ coincides with the set of those elements of ${C}_{b} (X)$ whose support has $\mathscr{P}$, it moreover becomes a Banach algebra, and simultaneously, $Y$ satisfies ${C}_{c} (Y)= {C}_{0} (Y)$. This includes the cases when $\mathscr{P}$ is the Lindelöf property and $X$ is either a locally compact paracompact space or a locally-$\mathscr{P}$ metrizable space. In either of the latter cases, if $X$ is non-$\mathscr{P}$, then $Y$ is nonnormal and ${C}_{\mathscr{P}} (X)$ fits properly between ${C}_{0} (X)$ and ${C}_{b} (X)$; even more, we can fit a chain of ideals of certain length between ${C}_{0} (X)$ and ${C}_{b} (X)$. The known construction of $Y$ enables us to derive a few further properties of either ${C}_{\mathscr{P}} (X)$ or $Y$. Specifically, when $\mathscr{P}$ is the Lindelöf property and $X$ is a locally-$\mathscr{P}$ metrizable space, we show that

$$\begin{eqnarray*}\dim C_{\mathscr{P}}(X)= \ell \mathop{(X)}\nolimits ^{{\aleph }_{0} } ,\end{eqnarray*}$$

$\ell (X)$

$X$

$\mathscr{P}$

$X$

$$\begin{eqnarray*}Y= {\mathrm{int} }_{\beta X} \upsilon X\end{eqnarray*}$$

$\upsilon X$

$X$

In this paper, we further study Tate cohomology of modules over a commutative ring with respect to semidualizing modules using the ideals of Sather-Wagstaff et al. [‘Tate cohomology with respect to semidualizing modules’, J. Algebra 324 (2010), 2336–2368]. In particular, we prove a balance result for the Tate cohomology ${\widehat{\mathrm{Ext} }}^{n} $ for any $n\in \mathbb{Z} $. This result complements the work of Sather-Wagstaff et al., who proved that the result holds for any $n\geq 1$. We also discuss some vanishing properties of Tate cohomology.

The class of $\lambda $-synchronizing subshifts generalizes the class of irreducible sofic shifts. A $\lambda $-synchronizing subshift can be presented by a certain $\lambda $-graph system, called the $\lambda $-synchronizing $\lambda $-graph system. The $\lambda $-synchronizing $\lambda $-graph system of a $\lambda $-synchronizing subshift can be regarded as an analogue of the Fischer cover of an irreducible sofic shift. We will study algebraic structure of the ${C}^{\ast } $-algebra associated with a $\lambda $-synchronizing $\lambda $-graph system and prove that the stable isomorphism class of the ${C}^{\ast } $-algebra with its Cartan subalgebra is invariant under flow equivalence of $\lambda $-synchronizing subshifts.

Let $C$ be a curve in a closed orientable surface $F$ of genus $g\geq 2$ that separates $F$ into subsurfaces $\widetilde {{F}_{i} } $ of genera ${g}_{i} $, for $i= 1, 2$. We study the set of roots in $\mathrm{Mod} (F)$ of the Dehn twist ${t}_{C} $ about $C$. All roots arise from pairs of ${C}_{{n}_{i} } $-actions on the $\widetilde {{F}_{i} } $, where $n= \mathrm{lcm} ({n}_{1} , {n}_{2} )$ is the degree of the root, that satisfy a certain compatibility condition. The ${C}_{{n}_{i} } $-actions are of a kind that we call nestled actions, and we classify them using tuples that we call data sets. The compatibility condition can be expressed by a simple formula, allowing a classification of all roots of ${t}_{C} $ by compatible pairs of data sets. We use these data set pairs to classify all roots for $g= 2$ and $g= 3$. We show that there is always a root of degree at least $2{g}^{2} + 2g$, while $n\leq 4{g}^{2} + 2g$. We also give some additional applications.