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Cultural evolution of genetic heritability

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 May 2021

Ryutaro Uchiyama Open the ORCID record for Ryutaro Uchiyama [Opens in a new window] ,
Rachel Spicer Open the ORCID record for Rachel Spicer [Opens in a new window]  and
Michael Muthukrishna Open the ORCID record for Michael Muthukrishna [Opens in a new window]
Ryutaro Uchiyama
Affiliation:
NTU–Cambridge Centre for Lifelong Learning and Individualised Cognition, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798inbox@uchiyamaryutaro.comhttps://www.uchiyamaryutaro.com
Rachel Spicer
Affiliation:
Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science, London School of Economics and Political Science, London WC2A 2AE, UK. r.a.spicer@lse.ac.ukhttp://www.lse.ac.uk/PBS/People/Rachel-Spicer; m.muthukrishna@lse.ac.ukhttps://michael.muthukrishna.com/
Michael Muthukrishna
Affiliation:
Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science, London School of Economics and Political Science, London WC2A 2AE, UK. r.a.spicer@lse.ac.ukhttp://www.lse.ac.uk/PBS/People/Rachel-Spicer; m.muthukrishna@lse.ac.ukhttps://michael.muthukrishna.com/
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Abstract

Behavioral genetics and cultural evolution have both revolutionized our understanding of human behavior – largely independent of each other. Here, we reconcile these two fields under a dual inheritance framework, offering a more nuanced understanding of the interaction between genes and culture. Going beyond typical analyses of gene–environment interactions, we describe the cultural dynamics that shape these interactions by shaping the environment and population structure. A cultural evolutionary approach can explain, for example, how factors such as rates of innovation and diffusion, density of cultural subgroups, and tolerance for behavioral diversity impact heritability estimates, thus yielding predictions for different social contexts. Moreover, when cumulative culture functionally overlaps with genes, genetic effects become masked, unmasked, or even reversed, and the causal effects of an identified gene become confounded with features of the cultural environment. The manner of confounding is specific to a particular society at a particular time, but a WEIRD (western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic) sampling problem obscures this boundedness. Cultural evolutionary dynamics are typically missing from models of gene-to-phenotype causality, hindering generalizability of genetic effects across societies and across time. We lay out a reconciled framework and use it to predict the ways in which heritability should differ between societies, between socioeconomic levels, and other groupings within some societies but not others, and over the life course. An integrated cultural evolutionary behavioral genetic approach cuts through the nature–nurture debate and helps resolve controversies in topics such as IQ.

Keywords

Behavioral geneticscultural evolutioncultural variationdevelopmental sciencegene–environment interactiongenome-wide association studiesheritabilityhuman geneticsinnovationintelligence
Type
Target Article
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 45 , 2022 , e152
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Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

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