Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T05:03:04.007Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Actual knowledge

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 November 2021

Jonathan Phillips Open the ORCID record for Jonathan Phillips [Opens in a new window] ,
Wesley Buckwalter ,
Fiery Cushman ,
Ori Friedman ,
Alia Martin ,
John Turri ,
Laurie Santos  and
Joshua Knobe
Jonathan Phillips
Affiliation:
Program in Cognitive Science, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Department of Philosophy, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH03755, USAjonathan.s.phillips@dartmouth.edu; https://phillab.host.dartmouth.edu/
Wesley Buckwalter
Affiliation:
Department of Philosophy, Institute for Philosophy and Public Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA22030, USAwesleybuckwalter@gmail.com; https://wesleybuckwalter.org/
Fiery Cushman
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138, USAcushman@fas.harvard.edu; http://cushmanlab.fas.harvard.edu/
Ori Friedman
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ONN2L 3G1, Canadafriedman@uwaterloo.ca; https://sites.google.com/view/uwaterloocclab
Alia Martin
Affiliation:
School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington6012, New Zealandalia.martin@vuw.ac.nz; https://vuwbabylab.com/
John Turri
Affiliation:
Philosophy Department and Cognitive Science Program, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ONN2L 3G1, Canadajohn.turri@gmail.com; https://john.turri.org/
Laurie Santos
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT06520, USAlaurie.santos@yale.edu; https://caplab.yale.edu/
Joshua Knobe
Affiliation:
Program in Cognitive Science, Department of Philosophy, Yale University, New Haven, CT06520, USA. joshua.knobe@yale.edu; https://campuspress.yale.edu/joshuaknobe/
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This response argues that when you represent others as knowing something, you represent their mind as being related to the actual world. This feature of knowledge explains the limits of knowledge attribution, how knowledge differs from belief, and why knowledge underwrites learning from others. We hope this vision for how knowledge works spurs a new era in theory of mind research.

Type
Authors’ Response
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 44 , 2021 , e177
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Apperly, I. A., Riggs, K. J., Simpson, A., Chiavarino, C., & Samson, D. (2006). Is belief reasoning automatic? Psychological Science, 17(10), 841–844.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baker, C. L., Jara-Ettinger, J., Saxe, R., & Tenenbaum, J. B. (2017). Rational quantitative attribution of beliefs, desires and percepts in human mentalizing. Nature Human Behaviour, 1(4), 1–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bricker, A. M. (2020). The neural and cognitive mechanisms of knowledge attribution: An EEG study. Cognition, 203, 104412.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buckwalter, W., & Turri, J. (2020a). Knowledge and truth: A skeptical challenge. Pacific Philosophical Quarterly, 101(1), 93–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buckwalter, W., & Turri, J. (2020b). Knowledge, adequacy, and approximate truth. Consciousness and Cognition, 83, 102950.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colaço, D., Buckwalter, W., Stich, S., & Machery, E. (2014). Epistemic intuitions in fake-barn thought experiments. Episteme; Rivista Critica di Storia Delle Scienze Mediche e Biologiche, 11(2), 199–212.Google Scholar
Dodell-Feder, D., Koster-Hale, J., Bedny, M., & Saxe, R. (2011). fMRI item analysis in a theory of mind task. Neuroimage, 55(2), 705–712.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dungan, J., & Saxe, R. (2012). Matched false-belief performance during verbal and nonverbal interference. Cognitive Science, 36, 1148–1156. doi: 10.1111/j.1551-6709.2012.01248.x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gettier, E. L. (1963). Is justified true belief knowledge? Analysis, 23(6), 121–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaminski, J., Call, J., & Tomasello, M. (2008). Chimpanzees know what others know, but not what they believe. Cognition, 109(2), 224–234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koster-Hale, J., & Saxe, R. (2013). Theory of mind: A neural prediction problem. Neuron, 79(5), 836–848.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krachun, C., Carpenter, M., Call, J., & Tomasello, M. (2009). A competitive nonverbal false belief task for children and apes. Developmental Science, 12(4), 521–535.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hare, B., Call, J., Agnetta, B., & Tomasello, M. (2000). Chimpanzees know what conspecifics do and do not see. Animal Behaviour, 59(4), 771–785.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, P. L., Koenig, M. A., Corriveau, K. H., & Jaswal, V. K. (2018). Cognitive foundations of learning from testimony. Annual Review of Psychology, 69, 251–273.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Henrich, J. (2015). The secret of our success. Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horschler, D. J., Santos, L. R., & MacLean, E. L. (2019). Do non-human primates really represent others’ ignorance? A test of the awareness relations hypothesis. Cognition, 190, 72–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Horschler, D. J., Santos, L. R., & MacLean, E. L. (2021). How do non-human primates represent others’ awareness of where objects are hidden? Cognition, 212, 104658.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jara-Ettinger, J., Schulz, L. E., & Tenenbaum, J. B. (2020). The naive utility calculus as a unified, quantitative framework for action understanding. Cognitive Psychology, 123, 101334.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kano, F., Krupenye, C., Hirata, S., Tomonaga, M., & Call, J. (2019). Great apes use self-experience to anticipate an agent's action in a false-belief test. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116, 20904–20909. doi: 201910095. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1910095116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kovács, Á. M., Téglás, E., & Endress, A. D. (2010). The social sense: Susceptibility to others’ beliefs in human infants and adults. Science, 330(6012), 1830–1834.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krupenye, C., Kano, F., Hirata, S., Call, J., & Tomasello, M. (2016). Great apes anticipate that other individuals will act according to false beliefs. Science, 354(6308), 110–114, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf8110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leslie, A. M. (1987). Pretense and representation: The origins of “theory of mind.” Psychological Review, 94(4), 412.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Machery, E., Stich, S., Rose, D., Chatterjee, A., Karasawa, K., Struchiner, N., … Hashimoto, T. (2017). Gettier across cultures 1. Noûs, 51(3), 645–664.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marticorena, D. C., Ruiz, A. M., Mukerji, C., Goddu, A., & Santos, L. R. (2011). Monkeys represent others’ knowledge but not their beliefs. Developmental Science, 14(6), 1406–1416.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Musgrave, S., Lonsdorf, E., Morgan, D., Prestipino, M., Bernstein-Kurtycz, L., Mundry, R., & Sanz, C. (2020). Teaching varies with task complexity in wild chimpanzees. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(2), 969–976.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Myers-Schulz, B., & Schwitzgebel, E. (2013). Knowing that P without believing that P. Noûs, 47(2), 371–384.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillips, J., Knobe, J., Strickland, B., Armary, P., & Cushman, F. (2018). Evidence for evaluations of knowledge prior to belief. In Proceedings of the Cognitive Science Society.Google Scholar
Phillips, J., Ong, D. C., Surtees, A. D., Xin, Y., Williams, S., Saxe, R., & Frank, M. C. (2015). A second look at automatic theory of mind: Reconsidering Kovács, Téglás, and Endress (2010). Psychological Science, 26(9), 1353–1367.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Premack, D., & Woodruff, G. (1978). Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1(4), 515–526.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Radford, C. (1966). Knowledge: By examples. Analysis, 27(1), 1–11.Google Scholar
Rapaport, L. G., & Brown, G. R. (2008). Social influences on foraging behavior in young nonhuman primates: Learning what, where, and how to eat. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews, 17(4), 189–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riggs, K. J., & Peterson, D. M. (2000). Counterfactual thinking in pre-school children: Mental state and causal inferences. In Mitchell, P. & Riggs, K. J. (Eds.), Children's reasoning and the mind, (pp. 87–99). Psychology Press/Taylor & Francis (UK).Google Scholar
Rose, D., Machery, E., Stich, S., Alai, M., Angelucci, A., Berniūnas, R., … Zhu, J. (2019). Nothing at stake in knowledge. Noûs, 53(1), 224–247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saxe, R., & Kanwisher, N. (2003). People thinking about thinking people: The role of the temporo-parietal junction in “theory of mind.” Neuroimage, 19(4), 1835–1842.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shahaeian, A., Peterson, C. C., Slaughter, V., & Wellman, H. M. (2011). Culture and the sequence of steps in theory of mind development. Developmental Psychology, 47(5), 1239.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Strickland, B. (2017). Language reflects “core” cognition: A new theory about the origin of cross-linguistic regularities. Cognitive Science, 41(1), 70–101.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Turri, J. (2016a). A new paradigm for epistemology: From reliabilism to abilism. Ergo, 3(8), 189–231.Google Scholar
Turri, J. (2016b). Knowledge and the norm of assertion: An essay in philosophical science. Open Book Publishers.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turri, J. (2018). Primate social cognition and the core human knowledge concept. In Mizumoto, M., Stich, S., & McCready, E. (Eds.), Epistemology for the rest of the world: Linguistic and cultural diversity and epistemology, (pp. 279–290). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Wellman, H. M., & Liu, D. (2004). Scaling of theory-of-mind tasks. Child Development, 75(2), 523–541.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williamson, T. (2002). Knowledge and its limits. Oxford University Press on Demand.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yuan, Y., & Kim, M. (forthcoming). Cross-Cultural universality of knowledge attributions. Review of Philosophy and Psychology.Google Scholar