Article contents
Escaping from the IIT Munchausen method: Re-establishing the scientific method in the study of consciousness
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 23 March 2022
Abstract
Integrated information theory (IIT) is an example of “ironic science” and obstructs the scientific study of consciousness. By confusing the ontological status of a method to quantify network complexity with that of a theory of consciousness, IIT has to square the circle and spirals toward its panpsychism conclusion. I analyze the consequences of this fallacy and suggest how the study of consciousness can be brought back into the realm of rational, empirical science.
- Type
- Open Peer Commentary
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press
References
Barron, A. B., & Klein, C. (2016). What insects can tell us about the origins of consciousness. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(18), 4900–4908. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1520084113CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Edelman, G. M., Reeke, G. N. J., Gall, W. E., Tononi, G., Williams, D., Sporns, O., & Reeke, G. N. Jr. (1992). Synthetic neural modeling applied to a real-world artifact. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 89(15), 7267–7771.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Estefan, D. P., Zucca, R., Arsiwalla, X., Principe, A., Zhang, H., Rocamora, R., … Verschure, P. F. M. J. (2021). Volitional learning promotes theta phase coding in the human hippocampus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118(10), e2021238118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2021238118CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feigin, V. L., Roth, G. A., Naghavi, M., Parmar, P., Krishnamurthi, R., Chugh, S., … Forouzanfar, M. H. (2016). Global burden of stroke and risk factors in 188 countries, during 1990–2013: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2013. The Lancet. Neurology 15(9), 913–924. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(16)30073-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hameroff, S., & Penrose, R. (1996). Orchestrated reduction of quantum coherence in brain microtubules: A model for consciousness. Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 40(3–4), 453–480.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horgan, J. (1996). The end of science: Facing the limits of knowledge in the twilight of the scientific age. Broadway.Google Scholar
Maffei, G., Santos-Pata, D., Marcos, E., Sánchez-Fibla, M., & Verschure, P. F. M. J. P. F. M. J. (2015). An embodied biologically constrained model of foraging: From classical and operant conditioning to adaptive real-world behavior in DAC-X. Neural Networks, 72, 88–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neunet.2015.10.004CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Melloni, L., Mudrik, L., Pitts, M., & Koch, C. (2021). Making the hard problem of consciousness easier. Science (New York, N.Y.) 372(6545), 911–912.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Merker, B. (2007). Consciousness without a cerebral cortex: A challenge for neuroscience and medicine. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences 30(1), 63–81, discussion 81–134. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X07000891CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Noel, J.-P., Ishizawa, Y., Patel, S. R., Eskandar, E. N., & Wallace, M. T. (2019). Leveraging nonhuman primate multisensory neurons and circuits in assessing consciousness theory. Journal of Neuroscience 39(38), 7485–7500.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Phillips, K. G., Beretta, A., & Whitaker, H. A. (2014) Mind and brain: Toward an understanding of dualism. In Smith, C. U. M. & Whitaker, H. (Eds.) Brain, mind and consciousness in the history of neuroscience, pp. 355–369. Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sasai, S., Boly, M., Mensen, A., & Tononi, G. (2016). Functional split brain in a driving/listening paradigm. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113(50), 14444–14449.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tononi, G., Sporns, O., & Edelman, G. M. (1994). A measure for brain complexity: Relating functional segregation and integration in the nervous system. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 91(11), 5033–5037.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trübutschek, D., Marti, S., Ojeda, A., King, J.-R., Mi, Y., Tsodyks, M., & Dehaene, S. (2017). A theory of working memory without consciousness or sustained activity. eLife 6, e23871.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Verschure, P. F. M. J. (2016). Synthetic consciousness: The distributed adaptive control perspective. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 371(1701), 263–275. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0448Google ScholarPubMed
- 1
- Cited by
Target article
The integrated information theory of consciousness: A case of mistaken identity
Related commentaries (23)
A call for comparing theories of consciousness and data sharing
Anatomical, physiological, and psychophysical data show that the nature of conscious perception is incompatible with the integrated information theory (IIT)
Axioms and postulates: Finding the right match through logical inference
Computation, perception, and mind
Consciousness generates agent action
Consciousness is already solved: The continued debate is not about science
Consciousness, complexity, and evolution
Does the present moment depend on the moments not lived?
Encapsulation and subjectivity from the standpoint of viewpoint theory
Escaping from the IIT Munchausen method: Re-establishing the scientific method in the study of consciousness
Explaining the gradient: Requirements for theories of visual awareness
Functional theories can describe many features of conscious phenomenology but cannot account for its existence
IIT is ideally positioned to explain perceptual phenomena
IIT, half masked and half disfigured
Is the neuroscientist's grandmother in the notebook? Integrated information and reference frames in the search for consciousness
Measures of differentiation and integration: One step closer to consciousness
Meta-criteria to formulate criteria of consciousness
Searching in the wrong place: Might consciousness reside in the brainstem?
The disintegrated theory of consciousness: Sleep, waking, and meta-awareness
The integrated information theory of agency
To be or to know? Information in the pristine present
What is exactly the problem with panpsychism?
Why evolve consciousness? Neural credit and blame allocation as a core function of consciousness
Author response
The integrated information theory of consciousness: Unmasked and identified